tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-42926425503042212822024-03-13T22:42:09.156+02:00EUtopia - our European Dream CityeTwin-Comeniushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15190473747304593171noreply@blogger.comBlogger33125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4292642550304221282.post-62629091349612589762014-02-02T14:07:00.001+02:002014-04-04T09:49:09.804+03:00Utopias<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Mrs Soubassi with her pupipls at 11th Grade are studing this topic during the school year 2013-14.</div>
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Would you like their efforts at <a href="http://projects-in-school.blogspot.gr/search/label/4b%20%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://projects-in-school.blogspot.gr/search/label/4b%20%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD</span></a> and <a href="http://projects-in-school.blogspot.gr/search/label/4b%20%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">http://projects-in-school.blogspot.gr/search/label/4b%20%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1</span></a>.in the Greek blog? </div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jZYi4y7-F4E/Uu40jACMkcI/AAAAAAAAbgA/Ybfb-8TL5tA/s1600/Cartes+heuristiques+utopie-dystopie.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jZYi4y7-F4E/Uu40jACMkcI/AAAAAAAAbgA/Ybfb-8TL5tA/s1600/Cartes+heuristiques+utopie-dystopie.jpg" height="454" width="640" /></a></div>
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eTwin-Comeniushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15190473747304593171noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4292642550304221282.post-79856528615768772792013-10-14T12:06:00.003+03:002013-10-14T12:08:15.241+03:00Have a hopeful school year 2013-14Together again!<br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--g2OjRFCIk8/Ulu0COAiyKI/AAAAAAAAaxc/VvhStY-UgCA/s1600/eu-topia_sm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--g2OjRFCIk8/Ulu0COAiyKI/AAAAAAAAaxc/VvhStY-UgCA/s400/eu-topia_sm.jpg" width="353" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-W6eCp_YG-ZQ/Ulu0G6hAGeI/AAAAAAAAaxk/O_Qiv3HctWo/s1600/Kali-sxoliki-xronia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="185" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-W6eCp_YG-ZQ/Ulu0G6hAGeI/AAAAAAAAaxk/O_Qiv3HctWo/s400/Kali-sxoliki-xronia.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br />eTwin-Comeniushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15190473747304593171noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4292642550304221282.post-72751495874608150622013-07-17T22:25:00.000+03:002013-07-17T22:25:03.172+03:00Enjoy your summer holidays!!!There really isn't anything more beautiful like the Summer Holiday. The feeling of anticipation and excitement in the build up; lazy days spent on the beach topping up your tan; nice afternoons on the hills enjoying the sunset; exciting nights, exploring the stars on the sky with friends and beloved persons.<br />
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Wishing the very best for you, dear friends, I'll see you again in September.<br />
Lots of love...<br />
Katerina<br />
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eTwin-Comeniushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15190473747304593171noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4292642550304221282.post-70189080753277617692013-07-17T21:38:00.004+03:002013-09-17T20:09:32.926+03:00We appy for Quality Label!<br />
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Dear friends,</div>
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Are you enjoying your holidays? </div>
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I am writing to remind you that you have the possibility to apply for the etwinning quality label. <span style="color: #444444; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-weight: bold; line-height: 22px;">(Quality Labels</span><span style="color: #444444; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 22px;"> are granted to teachers with excellent eTwinning projects).</span></div>
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Today Stavriana submitted the application for the Lyceum "Miltos Kountouras".<br />
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Common and public Twinspace: <a href="http://new-twinspace.etwinning.net/web/p94081" style="color: #185b74; cursor: pointer; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 12px;" target="_blank">http://new-twinspace.etwinning.net/web/p94081</a><br />
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If you are interested, you should hurry up, because I'm afraid the deadline for applying is very close. On the etwinning platform you'll get all the information you need about the labels. </div>
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Good luck!</div>
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eTwin-Comeniushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15190473747304593171noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4292642550304221282.post-78490574923260877272013-05-24T19:06:00.005+03:002013-05-24T22:08:53.036+03:00Transportation, justice and economy<div>
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<a href="http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/eutopia1234-1827581-transportation-justice-economy/" style="font: normal 18px,arial;" target="_blank">TRANSPORTATION, JUSTICE & ECONOMY</a></h3>
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ΓΙΩΡΓΟΣ ΣΙΟΥΛΑΣhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01472131064770543958noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4292642550304221282.post-16668065279280145362013-03-17T23:48:00.002+02:002013-09-17T19:46:09.652+03:001st High School of Pefki, Advantages and disadvantages of utopic examples<div style="text-align: center;">
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ΓΙΩΡΓΟΣ ΣΙΟΥΛΑΣhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01472131064770543958noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4292642550304221282.post-55456478336681898282013-03-17T23:47:00.001+02:002013-03-27T23:38:02.197+02:001st High School of Pefki, Plato’s State <b><u></u></b><br />
<b>Structure</b><br />
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The entire State is divided into 10 books.</div>
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1. Introduction. Concentration on Cephalus. Justice and injustice.<br />
2. Development of the ideal State. Principles of social organization and necessity<br />
for protection. Guardians.<br />
3. Training of guardians.<br />
4. Creators, assistant – guardians, sovereign guardians.<br />
5. Harmony of city and soul. The 3 parts of the soul.<br />
6. Family and communism of property.<br />
7. Philosopher-kings. Definition of a philosopher.<br />
8. Top level education.<br />
9. Failed systems of government.<br />
10. Conflict between philosophy and poetry. Rejection of mimetic art by the<br />
State.<br />
11. Immortality of the soul.</blockquote>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vPQB6EGrQ_k/UVMW9VlHlqI/AAAAAAAAWvs/TUbswHpWTGU/s1600/plato_republic_rhs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vPQB6EGrQ_k/UVMW9VlHlqI/AAAAAAAAWvs/TUbswHpWTGU/s1600/plato_republic_rhs.jpg" /></a></div>
The ideal state is by marked by four virtues: wisdom, bravery, prudence and justice: each person in the society does that which is required, depending on his role in it, without preventing the operation of the others and escaping from the limits applicable to himself, namely without being meddlesome.<br />
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In order to preserve justice, specified as the axis of balance in morality and policy, Plato reaches the limits as typically stated by Romilly. Since justice prevails in the State, the soul of each individual appears harmonious and is divided into three parts: the impulse / instinct (EPITHYMETIKON) expressing the basic needs of each individual the feelings (THYMOIDES) attempting at disciplining the impulse /instinct (EPITHYMETIKON) and the mind (LOGISTIKON) which the two first ones obey.<br />
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These three sections of the soul correspond to the 3 classes of the State: the EP<br />
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<strong>to the creators,</strong> the THY to the assistant guardians and the LOG to the sovereign guardians. Consequently justice is the harmony of the individual parts of the soul.</div>
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Finally, towards the end of the work, Socrates reverts to the issue of comparing the just and unjust man, quoting the example of Ardiaeus the tyrant. Communism of property and private life.</div>
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In this manner Socrates forms a city in which there is no ownership, personal life and family, whereas the philosophy is not accessible to the lower classes.<br />
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Everything is sacrificed to the common benefit and each one is restricted to such activities suiting one’s nature. Since communism of property has been established, there is no distinction between the rich or the poor. There are no slaves, as well as no distinction between men and women. There is a uniform educational system for men and women, whereas the arts of poetry, music and the theatre are excluded from the State.<br />
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Cancellation of wealth leads to the decline of the traditional family: no child should know its parents and vice-versa, in order to prevent inheritance, personal wealth and nepotism in public office.<br />
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<b><u>Philosopher-kings</u></b><br />
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<b><u>The allegory of the cave.</u></b></div>
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Plato typically maintains that “when the philosophers reign and the kings philosophize, only then will the people be happy”. Since in the myth of the cave, the flight from the cave of the freed prisoners has been described, it is derived that only these are suitable for governing the State, since they have known the true world of Ideas, given light by the Agathon.<br />
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<b><u>The allegory of the cave</u></b></div>
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The allegory of the cave is an attempt to substantiate the position of the philosopher as king in the ideal State. A team of individuals lives in a cave for its entire life, chained to a wall, without being able to see outside the cave, or see behind them where there is a flame lighting the objects moving reflecting their shadows on the walls of the cave.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Plato</td></tr>
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Nevertheless, the fact that prisoners can see only these shadows, does not mean that the existing world is restricted only inside the cave.<br />
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If certain of them succeed in freeing themselves from the chains, managing to leave the cave, they will be blinded by the beam of the Sun and will return back. If however, they become accustomed to the light, they will see the Sun clearly, symbolizing the <b>Agathon </b>and will realize that whatever they saw in the cave were mere reflections, shadows of the truth. However, those freed, the philosophers ought to return teaching the remaining persons.<br />
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Frequently, the Sun, symbolizing the Agathon, leads to the interpretation of the Myth of the Cave from a religious point of view: without any God, people live in darkness.<br />
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<b><u>Manners of governance.</u></b><br />
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<b><u>Timocracy</u></b></div>
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Persons who love honour and have been selected / appointed.<br />
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<b><u>Oligarchy</u></b></div>
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… that wealth will not …</div>
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The rich people constantly conspire against the poor and vice-versa.</div>
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Republic</div>
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…… tensions increase among social classes…..</div>
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The poor overthrow the inexperienced oligarchs and soon provide freedoms to all</div>
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citizens. Some demagogue soon surfaces to protect the right of the lower classes.<br />
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<b><u>Tyranny</u></b></div>
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…. resort to the democratic demagogue …….</div>
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….. is corrupted by power and becomes a tyrant with the assistance of a small group of his disciples for his protection and full control.<br />
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<b><u>Platonic Timaeus</u></b></div>
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In this dialogue ….. the world was created in accordance with a “model’ / “pattern” by the Creator.<br />
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This pattern is the world of ideas, remaining unchanged and eternal knowing no other evolution. The “copy” is that formulated in perpetuum not existing in any other fixed form.<br />
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This world is a live organism having one “Soul”. To create this soul, the Creator mixed Identity and Difference and so detached a third substance:…… sharing the “Soul of the World”, following a Pythagorean geometry. This “Soul of the World” he placed in the centre of the world and spread until this surpassed its limits.<br />
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Then God created the four kinds of living beings and first of all the gods: the true gods, made of fire, and the gods of legend of Homer and Hesiod. Thereafter, the birds and fish and finally the human lineage. The human lineage has a soul.</div>
ΓΙΩΡΓΟΣ ΣΙΟΥΛΑΣhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01472131064770543958noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4292642550304221282.post-7191960905444968682013-03-17T23:46:00.002+02:002013-03-27T23:37:45.396+02:001st High School of Pefki, Η Πολιτεία του Πλάτωνα<b>H Πολιτεία του Πλάτωνα</b><br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-v1ue1Jg7AfM/UVMWK_3doYI/AAAAAAAAWvk/ajolSvX6Jyg/s1600/plato_state.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-v1ue1Jg7AfM/UVMWK_3doYI/AAAAAAAAWvk/ajolSvX6Jyg/s320/plato_state.jpg" width="303" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.78125px; text-align: left;">Papirus Oxyrhynchus</i><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.78125px; text-align: left;">, with fragment of Plato's </span><i style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.78125px; text-align: left;">Republic</i></td></tr>
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Η <b>Πολιτεία </b>(ή <b>Περί δικαίου</b>) είναι ένα από τα γνωστότερα έργα του Πλάτωνα, το</div>
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οποίο γράφτηκε περίπου το 380 π.Χ.[1] ή ολοκληρώθηκε γύρω στα 374 π.Χ.[2] κι έχει ασκήσει μεγάλη επιρροή τόσο στη φιλοσοφία, όσο και στην πολιτική θεωρητική.</div>
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Στην Πολιτεία, ο Σωκράτης και άλλοι εξέχοντες Αθηναίοι και ξένοι συζητούν τη</div>
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σημασία της δικαιοσύνης και εξετάζουν κατά πόσο είναι πιο ευτυχισμένος ένας</div>
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δίκαιος άνθρωπος από έναν άδικο, κατασκευάζοντας μια φανταστική πολιτεία, την <b>Καλλίπολη</b>, με φιλόσοφους-βασιλείς.</div>
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Επίσης, συζητείται η φύση του φιλόσοφου, ή "<b>Περί Ιδεών</b>" θεωρία του Πλάτωνα, η διαμάχη ανάμεσα στη φιλοσοφία και την ποίηση και η αθανασία της ψυχής.</div>
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<b><u>Τίτλος του έργου</u></b></div>
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Η αρχική αρχαιοελληνική ονομασία Πολιτεία σημαίνει επακριβώς το δόγμα και τον χαρακτήρα μιας πολιτικής κοινωνίας, δηλαδή το πολίτευμά της. Στα λατινικά</div>
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ονομάστηκε <b>Res Publica</b> και οι λέξεις σημαίνουν καθεστώς διαχείρισης των</div>
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δημοσίων πραγμάτων. Η λατινική ορολογία ταυτιζόταν με τη Ρωμαϊκή δημοκρατία, αν και δεν πρόκειται καθαρά για ένα έργο σχετικά με τη δημοκρατία, όπως γίνεται αντιληπτή στο σύγχρονο πλαίσιο του όρου.</div>
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<b><u>Σκηνικό και συμμετέχοντες</u></b></div>
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<b><u>Πρόσωπα</u></b></div>
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• Σωκράτης</div>
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• Κέφαλος, μέτοικος κατασκευαστής όπλων - πατέρας του ρήτορα Λυσία</div>
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• Θρασύμαχος, σοφιστής από τη Χαλκηδόνα</div>
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• Γλαύκων, γιος του Αρίστωνα, μεγαλύτερος αδερφός του Πλάτωνα</div>
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• Αδείμαντος, γιος του Αρίστωνα, μεγαλύτερος αδερφός του Πλάτωνα</div>
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• Πολέμαρχος, γιος του Κεφάλου</div>
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• Κλειτοφών, γιος του Αριστωνύμου</div>
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• Χαρμαντίδης, από την Παιανία (βουβό πρόσωπο)</div>
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• Λυσίας, γιος του Κέφαλου (βουβό πρόσωπο)</div>
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• Ευθύδημος, γιος του Κέφαλου (βουβό πρόσωπο)</div>
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• Νικήρατος, γιος του Νικία (βουβό πρόσωπο)</div>
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Το σκηνικό του διαλόγου τοποθετείται στην κατοικία του Πολέμαρχου στον Πειραιά.</div>
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Ο δραματικός χρόνος είναι το 421 π.Χ.. Ο όλος διάλογος περιγράφεται από τον</div>
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Σωκράτη, την επομένη της ημέρας που έλαβε χώρα.</div>
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Ο Σωκράτης και ο Γλαύκων είχαν πάει στον Πειραιά για να παρακολουθήσουν τα</div>
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Βενδίδεια, γιορτή της θρακικής θεότητας Βένδιδος, που από πολλούς ταυτίζεται με την Άρτεμη. Στην επιστροφή προς την Αθήνα, πέρασαν από την κατοικία του</div>
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Κεφάλου, όπου κι έγινε η συζήτηση ανάμεσα στους προαναφερομένους. Από το 2ο βιβλίο κι έπειτα, κύριοι ομιλητές είναι ο Σωκράτης και οι δύο μεγαλύτεροι αδερφοί του Πλάτωνα.</div>
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<b><u>Δομή</u></b></div>
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Ολόκληρη η Πολιτεία χωρίζεται σε 10 βιβλία. Ο διαχωρισμός δεν προέρχεται από τον Πλάτωνα αλλά από τους μεταγενέστερους εκδότες και μελετητές.</div>
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Ο Μπέρτραντ Ράσελ χωρίζει σε τρία τμήματα την Πολιτεία του Πλάτωνα[3]:</div>
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• Βιβλία 1-5: περιγραφή της Ιδεώδους Πολιτείας, ξεκινώντας από την</div>
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προσπάθεια ορισμού της δικαιοσύνης</div>
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• Βιβλία 6-7: οι φιλόσοφοι κρίνονται ως οι ιδανικοί άρχοντες της Πολιτείας,</div>
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δίνεται ορισμός του φιλοσόφου</div>
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• Βιβλία 8-10: μορφές διακυβέρνησης, πλεονεκτήματα και μειονεκτήματα.</div>
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Παρακάτω παρατίθεται μια επιγραμματική περιγραφή των περιεχομένων κάθε</div>
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βιβλίου:</div>
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1. Εισαγωγή. Συγκέντρωση στον Κέφαλο. Δικαιοσύνη και αδικία.</div>
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2. Ανάπτυξη της Ιδεώδους Πολιτείας. Αρχές κοινωνικής οργάνωσης και ανάγκη</div>
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προστασίας. Φύλακες.</div>
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3. Εκπαίδευση των φυλάκων.</div>
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4. Δημιουργοί, φύλακες-επίκουροι, φύλακες-άρχοντες.</div>
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5. Αρμονία πόλης και ψυχής. Τα 3 μέρη της ψυχής.</div>
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6. Οικογένεια και κοινοκτημοσύνη.</div>
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7. Φιλόσοφοι-βασιλείς. Ορισμός του φιλοσόφου. Η Γραμμή. Η αλληγορία του</div>
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σπηλαίου.</div>
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8. Ανώτατη εκπαίδευση.</div>
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9. Αποτυχημένα πολιτεύματα.</div>
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10. Διαμάχη μεταξύ φιλοσοφίας και ποίησης. Αποκλεισμός της μιμητικής τέχνης</div>
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από την Πολιτεία.</div>
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11. Αθανασία της ψυχής.</div>
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<b><u>Θεματολογία</u></b></div>
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Ορισμός της δικαιοσύνης και αναλογία Πολιτείας-Ψυχής.</div>
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Στην αρχή του διαλόγου οι ομιλητές διαφωνούν για το πώς ορίζεται η δικαιοσύνη, καθώς ο γηραιός Κέφαλος την ορίζει ως τιμιότητα στις συναλλαγές και συνέπεια στην απόδοση των χρεών, ενώ ο γιος του, Πολέμαρχος, θεωρεί δικαιοσύνη την απόδοση του καλού στους φίλους και του κακού στους εχθρούς. </div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2bH2STcOMmg/UVMXTwCJzPI/AAAAAAAAWv0/9YOVfJ8rscM/s1600/raphael_athens_platoframed.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2bH2STcOMmg/UVMXTwCJzPI/AAAAAAAAWv0/9YOVfJ8rscM/s320/raphael_athens_platoframed.jpg" width="233" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Plato by Raphael</td></tr>
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Ο Θρασύμαχος κρίνει ότι υφίσταται και το δίκαιο του ισχυρότερου και ο Γλαύκων, φέρνοντας ως παράδειγμα το μύθο για το δαχτυλίδι του Γύγη, υποστηρίζει ότι η δικαιοσύνη αποτελεί απλά μια κοινωνική σύμβαση, καθώς και ο δίκαιος και ο άδικος άνθρωπος θα έκαναν την αδικία, αν ήξεραν πως δεν θα τιμωρηθούν, βγάζοντας συμπέρασμα πως είναι προτιμότερο να ζει κανείς «μέσα» στην αδικία.</div>
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Ο Σωκράτης εν μέρει συμφωνεί με όλους, ωστόσο δεν δέχεται καμιά από τις προτάσεις ως πλήρως ολοκληρωμένη για να λειτουργήσει ως "ορισμός της δικαιοσύνης". Έτσι, προκειμένου να εξετάσουν το πώς η δικαιοσύνη μπορεί να εφαρμοστεί για τον καθένα και ταυτόχρονα για όλους, ερευνούν το πώς η έννοια της δικαιοσύνης εφαρμόζεται σε ολόκληρη την πόλη.</div>
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Η <b>ιδεώδης πολιτεία</b> χαρακτηρίζεται από τέσσερις αρετές: <b>σοφία, ανδρεία, σωφροσύνη </b><b>και δικαιοσύνη</b>: ο κάθε ένας στην κοινωνία κάνει αυτό που χρειάζεται, ανάλογα με τον ρόλο του μέσα σε αυτήν, χωρίς να εμποδίζει τη λειτουργία των άλλων και να ξεφεύγει από τα πλαίσια που έχουν οριστεί για τον ίδιο, χωρίς δηλαδή να είναι πολυπράγμων (433a-433b). Για να διατηρήσει τη δικαιοσύνη, που ορίζεται ως ο άξονας της ισορροπίας στην ηθική και πολιτική, ο Πλάτων φτάνει, όπως χαρακτηριστικά αναφέρει η Romilly[4], στα άκρα[5].</div>
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Εφόσον στην Πολιτεία υπάρχει δικαιοσύνη, η ψυχή του κάθε ατόμου εμφανίζεται</div>
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αρμονική και χωρίζεται σε τρία μέρη: το επιθυμητικόν, το οποίο εκφράζει τις βασικές ανάγκες του ατόμου, το θυμοειδές που επιχειρεί να τιθασεύσει το επιθυμητικόν, και το λογιστικόν στο οποίο ως ανώτερο υπακούν τα δύο πρώτα. </div>
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Τα τρία αυτά μέρη της ψυχής αντιστοιχούν στις ανάλογες 3 τάξεις της Πολιτείας: το <b>επιθυμητικόν </b>στους δημιουργούς, το <b>θυμοειδές </b>στους φύλακες-επίκουρους και το <b>λογιστικόν </b>στους φύλακες-άρχοντες. Συνεπώς, δικαιοσύνη είναι η αρμονία των διαφορετικών μερών της ψυχής.</div>
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Τελικά, προς το τέλος του έργου, ο Σωκράτης επανέρχεται στο ζήτημα της σύγκρισης δίκαιου και άδικου ανθρώπου, παραθέτοντας το παράδειγμα του τύραννου Αρδιαίου: αν ο άνθρωπος δεν κάνει καμιά προσπάθεια να θέσει το <b>επιθυμητικόν </b>υπό το <b>λογιστικόν </b>μέρος, τότε θα έρθει η στιγμή που τελικά θα τιμωρηθεί για τις πράξεις του.</div>
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Ο τύραννος διαφέρει από τον "φιλόσοφο-βασιλιά" που είναι δίκαιος, αναζητά την αλήθεια, απολαμβάνει τις αληθινές, φιλοσοφικές απολαύσεις κι είναι ο μόνος που μπορεί να διακρίνει ποιο πολίτευμα είναι το καλύτερο, καθώς μόνο εκείνος διαβλέπει το Αγαθό[6].</div>
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<b><u>Δομή της κοινωνίας</u></b></div>
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Κοινοκτημοσύνη και ιδιωτική ζωή Η Πολιτεία που αρχίζει να αναπτύσσεται μέσα από τα λόγια του Σωκράτη κατακρίνεται από τον Αδείμαντο και τον Γλαύκωνα, καθώς ο πρώτος δε βρίσκει σε αυτήν ευτυχία και ο δεύτερος τιμή και δόξα. Έτσι, ο Σωκράτης δημιουργεί μια πόλη όπου δεν υπάρχει ιδιοκτησία, προσωπική ζωή και οικογένεια, ενώ η φιλοσοφία δεν είναι προσβάσιμη από τις κατώτερες τάξεις. Όλα θυσιάζονται για το κοινό καλό και ο καθένας περιορίζεται στις δραστηριότητες εκείνες που ταιριάζουν στη φύση του.</div>
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Εφόσον υπάρχει κοινοκτημοσύνη, δεν υπάρχει διαχωρισμός ανάμεσα σε πλούσιους ή φτωχούς. Δεν υπάρχουν δούλοι, όπως και κανένας διαχωρισμός μεταξύ ανδρών και γυναικών. </div>
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Υπάρχει ενιαίο εκπαιδευτικό σύστημα για άνδρες και γυναίκες, ενώ από την Πολιτεία αποκλείονται οι τέχνες της ποίησης, της μουσικής και του θεάτρου, καθώς δε στοχεύουν στη λογική, αλλά στα πάθη, το κατώτερο μέρος της ψυχής που ανατρέπει την αρμονία αν κυριαρχήσει των άλλων δυο, ενώ παράλληλα αποτελούν απλά μίμηση της παρούσας ζωής, η οποία με τη σειρά της είναι μόνο μια μίμηση των "αιώνιων Ιδεών". Η απαγόρευση αυτή είναι πιο αυστηρή στους φύλακες-επίκουρους και άρχοντες, καθώς πρέπει να αποφεύγουν κάθε είδους διαφθορά. </div>
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Η κατάργηση του πλούτου οδηγεί στην παρακμή της παραδοσιακής οικογένειας:</div>
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κανένα παιδί δε θα πρέπει να γνωρίζει τους γονείς του και το αντίστροφο, προκειμένου να αποφευχθεί η κληροδότηση, η προσωπική περιουσία και ο νεποτισμός στα δημόσια αξιώματα. Οι άρχοντες σχηματίζουν ζεύγη για αναπαραγωγή, φροντίζοντας όμως να μην υπάρχει ερωτική ασυδοσία. Έτσι, παράγεται σταθερός πληθυσμός μέσω της ευγονικής, ενώ παράλληλα η κοινωνική συνοχή αυξάνεται, καθώς οι οικογενειακοί δεσμοί εκφράζονται προς όλα τα μέλη της Πολιτείας. </div>
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<b><u>Φιλόσοφοι-βασιλείς</u></b></div>
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Ο Πλάτωνας χαρακτηριστικά υποστήριζε ότι "όταν οι φιλόσοφοι βασιλέψουν και οι βασιλιάδες φιλοσοφήσουν, μόνο τότε θα ευτυχήσουν οι λαοί". Εφόσον, στο μύθο του σπηλαίου, έχει περιγραφεί η φυγή από το σπήλαιο των απελευθερωμένων δεσμωτών, των φιλοσόφων, κρίνεται πως μόνο αυτοί είναι κατάλληλοι για τη διακυβέρνηση της Πολιτείας, εφόσον έχουν γνωρίσει τον αληθινό κόσμο των Ιδεών, που φωτίζεται από το Αγαθό.</div>
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Όπως ορίζει και το ίδιο το όνομά του, ο Φιλόσοφος-βασιλιάς του Πλάτωνα αγαπά τη σοφία και την αληθινή γνώση, εφόσον γνωρίζει τις Ιδέες. Στην παρομοίωση της Πολιτείας με καράβι ακυβέρνητο, ο ιδιοκτήτης δεν μπορεί να οδηγήσει στη σωτηρία, γιατί ούτε βλέπει ούτε ακούει, καθώς οι ναύτες φιλονικούν μεταξύ τους. Ο φιλόσοφος είναι αυτός που έχει την ικανότητα να οδηγήσει σωστά, παρατηρώντας τους ανέμους, τον ουρανό, τα αστέρια κλπ. Οι ναύτες περιγελούν και αγνοούν τις συνήθειες αυτές, γιατί ποτέ τους δεν έχουν γνωρίσει κάποιον αληθινό φιλόσοφο.</div>
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Κατά την εποχή του Διαφωτισμού, ο Βολταίρος ήταν αυτός που εισήγαγε τον όρο</div>
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Πεφωτισμένη δεσποτεία, προκειμένου να περιγράψει τη διακυβέρνηση ορισμένων Ευρωπαίων μοναρχών, οι οποίοι υιοθετούσαν τις ιδέες του Διαφωτισμού και κυρίως έδιναν έμφαση στη Λογική με την οποία προσπαθούσαν να διακυβερνήσουν την χώρα τους. Από την άλλη πλευρά, ακριβώς αυτή η δομή του κοινωνικού βίου που περιγράφεται μέσω του Σωκράτη ώθησε φιλόσοφους και μελετητές του 20ού αιώνα στην κριτική εναντίον του Πλάτωνα: ο φιλόσοφος Καρλ Πόπερ, για παράδειγμα, εξέφραζε στο έργο του ότι η Πολιτεία του Πλάτωνα άσκησε μεγάλη επιρροή στα σύγχρονα ολοκληρωτικά καθεστώτα [7] (Στάλιν, Χίτλερ).</div>
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<b><u>Το γενναίον ψεύδος</u></b></div>
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Προκειμένου οι πολίτες της Καλλίπολης να διαχωριστούν στις 3 τάξεις των δημιουργών, επίκουρων και αρχόντων, ο Πλάτων, μέσω των χαρακτήρων του διαλόγου, δηλώνει πως θα ήταν αναγκαίο ένα γενναίον ψεύδος για την αυστηρή κοινωνική συνοχή. Θα έπρεπε να πεισθούν ότι είχε προεξοφληθεί το είδος του χαρακτήρα τους, όταν βγήκαν από τα σπλάχνα της γης. Όταν τους δημιουργούσε ο Θεός, τους φύλακες-άρχοντες τους έφτιαξε από χρυσάφι, τους φύλακες-επίκουρους από ασήμι και τους δημιουργούς από σίδηρο και χαλκό.<br />
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Ωστόσο, υπάρχει κινητικότητα ανάμεσα στις τάξεις, καθώς η Ιδεώδης Πολιτεία βασίζεται στην αριστοκρατία του πνεύματος. Αν από χρυσούς γονείς γεννιόταν διαφορετικό παιδί ή αντίστροφα, σε κάθε περίπτωση όφειλαν να το στείλουν στην</div>
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τάξη όπου πραγματικά ανήκε.<br />
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Ο Πλάτωνας προτιμούσε κάτι τέτοιο, ακόμη και λάθος, όπου όλοι οι άνθρωποι θα</div>
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συνέχιζαν ευτυχισμένοι τη ζωή τους, παρά μια δημοκρατία, όπου θα κυριαρχούσε ο όχλος και θα επερχόταν δυστυχία. Ο χαρακτηρισμός "γενναίον" σχετίζεται με το σκοπό για τον οποίον λέγεται: να πεισθούν οι πολίτες ότι πρέπει να αισθάνονται αδέλφια για να εξασφαλιστεί η διατήρηση και ευδαιμονία της πόλεως.<br />
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Ο Αριστοτέλης στα Πολιτικά και στα Ηθικά Νικομάχεια επικρίνει τη θεωρία αυτή και υποστηρίζει ότι θα προκαλεί στάσεις (εξεγέρσεις) στην πόλη και δε θα συμβάλλει στην ενότητά της.<br />
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<b><u>Αλληγορία του σπηλαίου</u></b></div>
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Η Πολιτεία περιλαμβάνει την Αλληγορία του σπηλαίου, με την οποία ο Πλάτων εξηγεί τη Θεωρία των Ιδεών του.</div>
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Η αλληγορία του σπηλαίου είναι μια προσπάθεια τεκμηρίωσης της θέσης του φιλόσοφου ως βασιλιά στην Ιδεώδη Πολιτεία. Μια ομάδα ανθρώπων ζουν σε ένα σπήλαιο όλη τους τη ζωή, αλυσοδεμένοι σε έναν τοίχο, χωρίς να μπορούν να δουν έξω από το σπήλαιο, ούτε να δουν πίσω τους, όπου βρίσκεται μια φλόγα που φωτίζει τα αντικείμενα που κινούνται και ρίχνει τις σκιές τους στα τοιχώματα του σπηλαίου.<br />
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Οι φυλακισμένοι αρχίζουν να αποδίδουν αυτά τα σχήματα με όρους και έννοιες, ενώ πιστεύουν ότι οι σκιές αυτές είναι πραγματικές.</div>
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Το ότι οι φυλακισμένοι, ωστόσο, μπορούν να δουν μόνο τις σκιές αυτές, δε σημαίνει ότι ο υπαρκτός κόσμος περιορίζεται μόνο μέσα στο σπήλαιο[8]. Αν κάποιοι καταφέρουν να λυθούν από τις αλυσίδες και βγουν από το σπήλαιο, θα τυφλωθούν από τη λάμψη του Ήλιου και θα επιστρέψουν πίσω. Αν, ωστόσο, συνηθίσουν το φως, θα δουν καθαρά τον Ήλιο, που συμβολίζει το Αγαθό, και θα καταλάβουν ότι όσα έβλεπαν μέσα στο σπήλαιο ήταν απλά προβολές, σκιές της αλήθειας. Ίσως σκεφτούν να επιστρέψουν πίσω, λυπούμενοι τους φυλακισμένους συντρόφους τους.<br />
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Πίσω, όμως, στο σπήλαιο, δε θα μπορούν να συνηθίσουν στο σκοτάδι, και, προσπαθώντας να διδάξουν στους υπόλοιπους την αλήθεια, ίσως δεχτούν το μίσος και την αντίδρασή τους[5]. Ωστόσο, όσοι ελευθερώθηκαν, οι φιλόσοφοι, έχουν χρέος να επιστρέψουν πίσω και να διδάξουν και τους υπόλοιπους.<br />
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Συχνά, ο Ήλιος, που συμβολίζει το Αγαθό, ωθεί στην ερμηνεία του Μύθου του Σπηλαίου από θρησκευτικής απόψεως: χωρίς Θεό, οι άνθρωποι ζουν μέσα το σκοτάδι[9]. Ο κόσμος μέσα στο σπήλαιο εκφράζει την εμμονή στα "αισθητά πράγματα", όσων μπορούν οι άνθρωποι να αντιληφθούν με τις αισθήσεις τους, ενώ η άνοδος στον πραγματικό κόσμο και η όραση των αληθινών Ιδεών υπό το φως του Ήλιου οδηγούν στην εναρμόνιση των τριών τμημάτων της ψυχής και την ενδυνάμωση του λογιστικού[10].<br />
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<b><u>Μορφές διακυβέρνησης</u></b></div>
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Ο Πλάτων αφιερώνει μεγάλο τμήμα της Πολιτείας του στις συζητήσεις σχετικά με την Ιδεώδη Πολιτεία. Ωστόσο, παρέμενε το θέμα του τύπου διακυβέρνησης, οπότε η συζήτηση καταλήγει σε τέσσερα είδη πολιτευμάτων, τα οποία δεν μπορούν να επιβιώσουν: η τιμοκρατία, η ολιγαρχία (πλουτοκρατία), η δημοκρατία και η τυραννία (δεσποτισμός).<br />
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<b><u>Τιμοκρατία</u></b></div>
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Ο Σωκράτης ορίζει την τιμοκρατία ως ένα πολίτευμα, στο οποίο κυβερνούν άτομα που αγαπούν την τιμή και έχουν επιλεχθεί σύμφωνα με τον βαθμό τιμής που κατέχουν στην κοινωνία. Η τιμή συχνά εξισώνεται με τον πλούτο και την ιδιοκτησία, οπότε το "χρυσό" αυτό πολίτευμα θα οδηγούσε στον υλισμό.<br />
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<b><u>Ολιγαρχία</u></b></div>
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Οι πειρασμοί αυτοί δημιουργούν μια σύγχυση ανάμεσα στην τιμή και το οικονομικό καθεστώς, κάτι που θα οδηγούσε στην εμφάνιση της ολιγαρχίας. Ο Σωκράτης υπογραμμίζει ότι ο πλούτος δε θα βοηθήσει τον καπετάνιο να ελέγξει το πλοίο του. Η αδικία αυτή διαχωρίζει πλούσιους και φτωχούς, δημιουργώντας έτσι ένα περιβάλλον για εγκληματίες και επαίτες. Οι πλούσιοι συνωμοτούν συνεχώς ενάντια των φτωχών και αντίστροφα.<br />
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<b><u>Δημοκρατία</u></b></div>
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Καθώς μεγαλώνει αυτό το κοινωνικοοικονομικό χάσμα, αυξάνονται και οι εντάσεις ανάμεσα στις κοινωνικές τάξεις, δίνοντας χώρο για την εμφάνιση της δημοκρατίας. Οι φτωχοί ανατρέπουν τους άπειρους ολιγαρχικούς και σύντομα παρέχουν ελευθερίες σε όλους τους πολίτες. Κάποιος δημαγωγός σύντομα ανέρχεται για να προστατέψει το δίκιο των κατώτερων τάξεων. Οι άνθρωποι "μεθούν" με τόση ανεξέλεγκτη ελευθερία και έτσι επέρχεται τυραννία, το πιο καταπιεστικό είδος διακυβέρνησης.<br />
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<b><u>Τυραννία</u></b></div>
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Οι ελευθερίες που αποδόθηκαν στους πολίτες, τους χωρίζουν σε τρεις κοινωνικοοικονομικές τάξεις: την <b>άρχουσα τάξη</b>, τους <b>καπιταλιστές</b> και τους <b>απλούς </b><b>πολίτες</b>, οι οποίοι βλέπουν να απειλούνται οι ελευθερίες τους από την ένταση μεταξύ των δυο πρώτων τάξεων και καταφεύγουν στο δημοκρατικό δημαγωγό, ο οποίος, με τη σειρά του, διαφθείρεται από την εξουσία και γίνεται τύραννος, με τη βοήθεια μιας μικρής ομάδας οπαδών του για την προστασία του και τον απόλυτο έλεγχο.<br />
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Η ειρωνεία έγκειται στο γεγονός ότι η Ιδεώδης Πολιτεία που περιγράφεται μοιάζει σε μεγάλο βαθμό με τυραννία, αλλά βρίσκεται στην εντελώς αντίθετη πλευρά: ο φιλόσοφος-βασιλιάς που κατέχει την εξουσία δε δρα με γνώμονα το ίδιο συμφέρον, αλλά είναι αφιερωμένος στο κοινό καλό, καθώς κατέχει τη γνώση και τη σοφία...</div>
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<b><u>Αθανασία της ψυχής</u></b></div>
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Μέσα από τον εσχατολογικό Μύθο του Ηρός, γίνεται η περιγραφή του μεταθανάτιου ταξιδιού του Ηρός, ενός στρατιώτη που πέθανε στη μάχη και επανήλθε στη ζωή πάνω στη νεκρική πυρά της μετενσάρκωσης, των ουράνιων σφαιρών του αστρικού σύμπαντος.<br />
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Κεντρικό σύμβολο αποτελεί το <b>Αδράχτι της Ανάγκης</b>, που σχημάτιζε 8 κύκλους,</div>
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πάνω σε καθέναν από τους οποίους βρισκόταν μια Σειρήνα που τραγουδούσε μια</div>
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νότα: όλες μαζί σχημάτιζαν μια αρμονία, τη μουσική των ουράνιων σφαιρών. </div>
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Εκεί βρίσκονταν και οι 3 Μοίρες, στις οποίες έπρεπε να πάνε οι ψυχές για να επιλέξουν το είδος της ζωής που ήθελαν να ζήσουν στην επόμενη ενσάρκωσή τους. Η ιστορία αυτή επικεντρώνεται στην ιδέα ότι οι ηθικοί άνθρωποι επιβραβεύονται και οι ανήθικοι τιμωρούνται μετά το θάνατό τους. Ο <b>Πλάτων </b>έχει επηρεαστεί από παλαιότερες προφορικές παραδόσεις, από τους <b>Ορφικούς </b>και τους <b>Πυθαγόρειους</b>, ενώ σύγχρονοι μελετητές επισημαίνουν επιδράσεις από τη θεωρία του <b>Ινδουισμού </b>και του <b>Ζωροαστρισμού</b>.</div>
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<b><u>------------------------</u></b><br />
<b><u></u></b><br />
<b><u></u></b><br /></div>
</div>
ΓΙΩΡΓΟΣ ΣΙΟΥΛΑΣhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01472131064770543958noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4292642550304221282.post-5469028802014110762013-03-04T20:55:00.000+02:002013-03-27T17:57:10.507+02:001984 <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>1984</b><br />
<b>George Orwell</b><br />
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<u>Plot Overview</u><br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ex21InFMd84/UUZsNGvcffI/AAAAAAAAWu0/Yn_-PX40ZYw/s1600/1984.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ex21InFMd84/UUZsNGvcffI/AAAAAAAAWu0/Yn_-PX40ZYw/s1600/1984.jpg" /></a><b>Winston </b>Smith is a low-ranking member of the ruling Party in London, in the nation of Oceania. Everywhere Winston goes, even his own home, the Party watches him through telescreens; everywhere he looks he sees the face of the Party’s seemingly omniscient leader, a figure known only as <b>Big Brother</b>. The Party controls everything in Oceania, even the people’s history and language.<br />
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Currently, the Party is forcing the implementation of an invented language called <b>Newspeak</b>, which attempts to prevent political rebellion by eliminating all words related to it. Even thinking rebellious thoughts is illegal. Such thoughtcrime is, in fact, the worst of all crimes.</div>
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As the novel opens, Winston feels frustrated by the oppression and rigid control of the Party, which prohibits free thought, sex, and any expression of individuality. Winston dislikes the party and has illegally purchased a diary in which to write his criminal thoughts. He has also become fixated on a powerful Party member named <b>O’Brien</b>, whom Winston believes is a secret member of the Brotherhood—the mysterious, legendary group that works to overthrow the Party.</div>
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Winston works in the Ministry of Truth, where he alters historical records to fitthe</div>
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needs of the Party. He notices a coworker, a beautiful dark-haired girl, staring at him, and worries that she is an informant who will turn him in for his thoughtcrime.</div>
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He is troubled by the Party’s control of history: the Party claims that Oceania has always been allied with <b>Eastasia </b>in a war against <b>Eurasia</b>, but Winston seems to recall a time when this was not true. The Party also claims that Emmanuel Goldstein, the alleged leader of the Brotherhood, is the most dangerous man alive, but this does not seem plausible to Winston. Winston spends his evenings wandering through the poorest neighborhoods in London, where the proletarians, or proles, live squalid lives, relatively free of Party monitoring.</div>
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One day, Winston receives a note from the dark-haired girl that reads “I love you.”</div>
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She tells him her name, Julia, and they begin a covert affair, always on the lookout for signs of Party monitoring. Eventually they rent a room above the secondhand store in the prole district where Winston bought the diary. This relationship lasts for some time. Winston is sure that they will be caught and punished sooner or later (the fatalistic Winston knows that he has been doomed since he wrote his first diary entry), while Julia is more pragmatic and optimistic.</div>
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As Winston’s affair with Julia progresses, his hatred for the Party grows more and more intense. At last, he receives the message that he has been waiting for: O’Brien wants to see him.</div>
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Winston and Julia travel to O’Brien’s luxurious apartment. As a member of the powerful Inner Party (Winston belongs to the Outer Party), O’Brien leads a life of luxury that Winston can only imagine. O’Brien confirms to Winston and Julia that, like them, he hates the Party, and says that he works against it as a member of the Brotherhood. He indoctrinates Winston and Julia into the Brotherhood, and gives Winston a copy of Emmanuel Goldstein’s book, the manifesto of the Brotherhood.<br />
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Winston reads the book—an amalgam of several forms of class-based twentiethcentury social theory—to Julia in the room above the store. Suddenly, soldiers barge in and seize them. Mr. Charrington, the proprietor of the store, is revealed as having been a member of the Thought Police all along.</div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-815y5TEjGAU/UUZs9pAYPKI/AAAAAAAAWu8/5DsRqvqMrjo/s1600/1984_george_orwell.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-815y5TEjGAU/UUZs9pAYPKI/AAAAAAAAWu8/5DsRqvqMrjo/s320/1984_george_orwell.jpg" width="195" /></a>Torn away from Julia and taken to a place called the Ministry of Love, Winston finds that O’Brien, too, is a Party spy who simply pretended to be a member of the Brotherhood in order to trap Winston into committing an open act of rebellion against the Party. O’Brien spends months torturing and brainwashing Winston, who struggles to resist.</div>
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At last, O’Brien sends him to the dreaded Room 101, the final destination for anyone who opposes the Party. Here, O’Brien tells Winston that he will be forced to confront his worst fear. Throughout the novel, Winston has had recurring nightmares about rats; O’Brien now straps a cage full of rats onto Winston’s head and prepares to allow the rats to eat his face. Winston snaps, pleading with O’Brien to do it to Julia, not to him.</div>
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Giving up Julia is what O’Brien wanted from Winston all along. His spirit broken, Winston is released to the outside world. He meets Julia but no longer feels anything for her. He has accepted the Party entirely and has learned to love Big Brother.</div>
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ΓΙΩΡΓΟΣ ΣΙΟΥΛΑΣhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01472131064770543958noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4292642550304221282.post-15779265778605524012013-02-28T13:47:00.000+02:002013-03-31T11:41:22.667+03:00Η Πόλη των Στωϊκών<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: 14pt;">Πόλη θεωρείται το σύνολο ανθρώπων που ζει σε μια περιοχή υπό ορισμένους κοινούς κανόνες και νόμους.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt;">Χαρακτηριστικά της πόλης είναι η λογική, η δικαιοσύνη, ηθική και υπηκοή στους νόμους.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt;">Μια ουτοπική κοινωνία δε μπορεί να υπάρξει. </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Δεν έχει υπάρξει ούτε πρόκειται.</span></div>
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<u><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Σύγκριση με <o:p></o:p></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Χριστιανική θεώρηση & τη </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">Πολιτεία</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> του </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">Πλάτωνα</span></b></u><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">Πλάτων</td></tr>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Χριστιανική: </span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Αγάπη, ειρήνη, δικαιοσύνη. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 14pt;">Ουτοπία βασισμένη στη πίστη με σχέσεις Πατέρα-Υιού. Στηριγμένη στη Σοφία και την Αρετή.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">Πολιτεία</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> του </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">Πλάτωνα</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">: </span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Μια </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">πολιτική</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">ουτοπία</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> με </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">σχέσεις</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">Ηγέτη</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">-</span><span style="font-size: 19px;">Πολίτη</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">. </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">Βασισμένη</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> σε </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">ισότιμο</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">σεβασμό</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> και στα </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">ανθρώπινα</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">δικαιώματα</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Ο ΚΟΣΜΟΠΟΛΙΤΗΣ </span></b><span style="font-size: 19px;">είναι</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> ο </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">πολίτης</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> του </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">κόσμου</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> (των </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">πάντων</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">). </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Αυτή είναι η </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">βάση</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> της </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">Θεολογικής</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">Θεωρίας</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> της </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">Πόλης</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> όπως </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">διατυπώθηκε</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> από τους </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">Στωικούς</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span></div>
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<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">Υπάρχει</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">θεός</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Η </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">Φύση</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> των </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">θεών</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> (</span><span style="font-size: 19px;">φιλικοί</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">δίκαιοι</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">καλοί</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">…)</span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Ο </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">Ρόλος</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> τους ως </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">ηγέτες</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> του </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">κόσμου</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> (</span><span style="font-size: 19px;">οργανώνουν</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> τη </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">ζωή</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">)</span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 19px;">Εμπλοκή</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> στα </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">ανθρώπινα</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">ζητήματα</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> (</span><span style="font-size: 19px;">Κυβερνούν</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> την ανθρώπινη </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">ζωή</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">σύμφωνα</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> με τους </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">θεϊκούς</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">νόμους</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> και </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">συμμετέχουν</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">καθώς</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> ζουν </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">μαζί</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> με τους </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">ανθρώπους</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">).</span></li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Όλα τα </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">όντα</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">δημιουργήθηκαν</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> από τους </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">θεούς</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> για </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">χάρη</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> των </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">θεών</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> και των </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">ανθρώπων</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> Η </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">πόλη</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> είναι </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">κοινή</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">κατοικία</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> για </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">θεούς</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> και </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">ανθρώπους.</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;">Μόνο </span><span style="font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">θεοί</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;"> και </span><span style="font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">άνθρωποι</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">έχουν</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">αίσθηση</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">Λογικής</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;">, </span><span style="font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">Δικαιοσύνης</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;"> και Ν</span><span style="font-size: 19px; text-align: justify;">ομιμότητας</span><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">πάνω</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> στα </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">οποία</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> είναι </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">βασισμένη</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> η </span><span style="font-size: 19px;">πόλη</span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ΜΙΑ </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΑ ΘΕΩΝ-ΑΝΘΡΩΠΩΝ.</span></b></div>
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Stavriana S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02073424404036623162noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4292642550304221282.post-54260359769797320022013-02-27T10:36:00.002+02:002013-02-27T10:36:50.042+02:00mindmaps of our Vision of a perfect city<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Notes on poster (English)<br />
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Notes on blackboard (English)<br />
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Νοητικός χάρτης σε πόστερ<br />
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Σημειώσεις από καταιγισμό ιδεών στον πίνακα<br />
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Stavriana S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02073424404036623162noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4292642550304221282.post-64681350223817155382013-02-19T21:10:00.001+02:002013-02-19T22:13:39.077+02:00I want a country<br />
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<span style="color: red; font-family: Comic Sans MS;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">"I want a country"</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="background: #F5F5FF; color: #4f81bd; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Let
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</span></b><b><span style="background: #F5F5FF; color: #984806; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Let
there be an end to brothers' quarrels</span></b><b><span style="color: #984806; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
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<b><span style="background: #F5F5FF; color: #00b050; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Let
there be no rich and poor, no you and me</span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></b><b><span style="background: #F5F5FF; color: #365f91; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">On
winter days let everyone have house and home</span></b><b><span style="color: #365f91; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
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</span></b><b><span style="background: #F5F5FF; color: red; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I
want a country</span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></b><b><span style="background-color: #f5f5ff; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #f5f5ff; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Let
living be like loving from the heart</span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></b><b><span style="background: #F5F5FF; color: #d99594; font-family: "Comic Sans MS"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">If
there must be complaint, let it be of death<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14994203516190378744noreply@blogger.com12tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4292642550304221282.post-80330016251512140772013-02-18T10:50:00.003+02:002013-02-18T19:43:40.058+02:00πώς οραματιζόμαστε την τέλεια πόλη<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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3<sup>ο</sup> ΓΕΛ Νέας Φιλαδέλφειας<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>ΕΥτοπία </div>
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ΜΙΛΤΟΣ ΚΟΥΝΤΟΥΡΑΣ<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span>μια ευρωπαϊκή ουτοπία</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;">ΠΩΣ ΟΡΑΜΑΤΙΖΟΜΑΣΤΕ ΤΗΝ ΤΕΛΕΙΑ ΠΟΛΗ<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 16pt;">Ονειρευόμαστε μια πολιτεία όπου<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: purple; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Θα υπάρχουν μόνο διώροφες μονοκατοικίες με μεγάλους κήπους<o:p></o:p></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: green; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Θα υπάρχει πολύ πράσινο και ταρατσόκηποι<o:p></o:p></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Οι συγκοινωνίες θα είναι δωρεάν, τακτικές και θα γίνονται με διάφορα υπέργεια, επίγεια και υπόγεια μέσα (κυρίως με ποδήλατα, </b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">skate</span>-</b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">board</span>, δορυφορικά λεωφορεία και ιπτάμενα οχήματα)<o:p></o:p></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #ff6600; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Χρησιμοποιούνται αποκλειστικά οι ανανεώσιμες μορφές ενέργειας<o:p></o:p></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Οι υπηρεσίες υγείας και περίθαλψης είναι δωρεάν για όλους<o:p></o:p></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Η παιδεία είναι δωρεάν, ανθρωπιστική ενώ θα υπάρχει επαγγελματική εκπαίδευση στο Λύκειο<o:p></o:p></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: green; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Η οικονομία θα βασίζεται στη γη, τη βιοτεχνία, το εμπόριο, τη βιομηχανία, τις υπηρεσίες, την τεχνολογία, τον τουρισμό, τον πολιτισμό, τη μάθηση και θα γίνεται επίσης ανταλλαγή προϊόντων και υπηρεσιών<o:p></o:p></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Θα υπάρχει μόνο μία κοινωνική τάξη: η μεσαία τάξη<o:p></o:p></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: teal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Θα υπάρχει αξιοπρεπής εργασία για όλους<o:p></o:p></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: blue; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Το πολίτευμα θα είναι η άμεση δημοκρατία ώστε οι αποφάσεις να λαμβάνονται με ψήφο από κάθε πολίτη<o:p></o:p></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Όλοι οι πολίτες θα είναι Χριστιανοί<o:p></o:p></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #993366; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Δεν θα υπάρχει βία και διαφθορά<o:p></o:p></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: green; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Θα επικρατεί η αγάπη, η ειλικρίνεια, η νομιμοφροσύνη, ο σεβασμός στη διαφορετικότητα και η αλληλεγγύη<o:p></o:p></b></li>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: blue;">Τέλος, θέλουμε η Πόλη μας να είναι ανεξάρτητη και αυτόνομη<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 16pt;">Πώς οραματίζεστε εσείς την ιδανική κοινωνία;<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Stavriana S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02073424404036623162noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4292642550304221282.post-57293326478284820422013-02-18T10:48:00.001+02:002013-02-18T19:44:07.756+02:00our vision of the perfect city<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">3<sup>rd</sup> </span><st1:place><st1:placename><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Upper</span></st1:placename><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><st1:placetype><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Secondary School</span></st1:placetype></st1:place><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>EU-topia: A European Dream City<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">of Nea Philadelphia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">MILTOS KOUNTOURAS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff6600; font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">OUR VISION OF THE </span></b><st1:place><st1:placename><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff6600; font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PERFECT</span></b></st1:placename><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff6600; font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></b><st1:placetype><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff6600; font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">CITY</span></b></st1:placetype></st1:place><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #ff6600; font-size: 20pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">We envisage the ‘perfect city’ as a place where<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There are only two-storied detached houses with large gardens<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #339966; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There are plenty of green areas and rooftop gardens<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #3366ff; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Renewable forms of energy are used<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #993366; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There is free, regular public transport by all kinds of ground-underground and air means of transport (bikes, skate-boards, flying vehicles and shuttle-buses)<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There is free health care for all<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #339966; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Education is free and humanistic while there is also vocational training in high school<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #ff6600; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The economy is based on the land, commerce, crafts, industry, technology, services, tourism, culture, learning as well as the exchange of goods and services<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: green; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There is decent employment for all<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: red; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There is only one social class: the middle class<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #666699; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There is direct democracy in which decisions are made by all citizens by voting<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: green; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There is no violence or corruption<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: magenta; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There is lawfulness, love, respect to the ‘different’, honest and solidarity<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #ff9900; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">All citizens are Christian<o:p></o:p></span></b></li>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Last, we would like our CITY to be independent and autonomous!<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">What about you?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Stavriana S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02073424404036623162noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4292642550304221282.post-69870946808381073112013-02-17T20:32:00.000+02:002013-02-18T19:49:05.169+02:00Reaching "the ideal society"<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: large;">1<sup>st</sup> High</span><st1:place style="font-size: x-large;"><st1:placetype><span lang="EN-US"> School</span></st1:placetype></st1:place><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: large;"> EU-topia: </span>A European Dream City </span></b><b><span style="font-size: large;"><br />of Pefki</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #45818e; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: #45818e; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">First try of reaching “ideal society”</span></b></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JQi3-NFYdqg/USJjn6ju8rI/AAAAAAAAWqw/1iGD_q-66v8/s1600/baby.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JQi3-NFYdqg/USJjn6ju8rI/AAAAAAAAWqw/1iGD_q-66v8/s1600/baby.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: #741b47;"><span style="color: #f4cccc;">a) </span></span><b>The ideal form of government would be democracy as it was put in practice in Ancient Greece.</b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #741b47;"><span style="color: #f4cccc;">b)</span></span> The power of justice should be independent.</b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #f4cccc;"><span style="background-color: #741b47;">c)</span> </span>There should be meritocracy and equal opportunities in terms of work.</b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #741b47; color: #f4cccc;">d)</span> All means of public transportation should have the minimum cost for citizens.</b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #741b47; color: #f4cccc;">e)</span> There should be investment in the primary sector of the country and in the natural wealth (water, sun, wind, etc.)</b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #741b47; color: #f4cccc;">f)</span> Students should de given the opportunity to specialize in their field of knowledge while they are still in school.</b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #741b47; color: #f4cccc;">g)</span> Public health is something that concerns all of us, therefore there are needs to be a strong effort to improve it. To all the people offered medical care and medicines when needed without the high cost.</b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #741b47; color: #f4cccc;">h)</span> In our ages, we see people living in a country coming from different cultural and ethic backgrounds. It is important to educate everyone about multiculturalism and the need to respect each other for who they are. All people were equal regardless of any possible differences and whether they had the right to participate in public affairs.</b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #741b47; color: #f4cccc;">i) </span>Intercultural relations in a country is the key to line in harmony. Would be good for society to make intercultural events to know other cultures and therefore not to be nationalists.</b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #741b47; color: #f4cccc;">k)</span> From the youngest to the oldest person living in a country, it is their strong responsibility to contribute in each own way to the protection of the environment. The best for society would be to watch the environment by organizing various volunteer events.</b></div>
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ΓΙΩΡΓΟΣ ΣΙΟΥΛΑΣhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01472131064770543958noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4292642550304221282.post-6501600263984883412013-02-08T11:33:00.000+02:002013-02-17T16:09:05.228+02:00σημειώσεις για τη βιβλιογραφία στα Αγγλικά - New Atlantis by Sir Francis Bacon<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">New Atlantis</span></i></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopian" title="Utopian">utopian</a> novel by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Francis_Bacon" title="Sir Francis Bacon">Sir Francis Bacon</a>, published in Latin (as <i>Nova Atlantis</i>) in 1624 and in English in 1627. In this work, Bacon portrayed a vision of the future of human discovery and knowledge, expressing his aspirations and ideals for humankind. The novel depicts the creation of a utopian land where "generosity and enlightenment, dignity and splendour, piety and public spirit" are the commonly held qualities of the inhabitants of "Bensalem". The plan and organization of his ideal college, "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon%27s_House" title="Salomon's House">Salomon's House</a>" (or Solomon's House) envisioned the modern research university in both applied and pure sciences.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">The novel depicts a mythical island, Bensalem, which is discovered by the crew of a European ship after they are lost in the </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Pacific Ocean</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;"> somewhere west of </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru" title="Peru"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Peru</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">. The minimal plot serves the gradual unfolding of the island, its customs, but most importantly, its state-sponsored </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EL;">scientific</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;"> institution, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salomon%27s_House" title="Salomon's House"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Salomon's House</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">, "which house or college ... is the very eye of this kingdom."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Many aspects of the society and history of the island are described, such as the Christian religion - which is reported to have been born there as a copy of the Bible and a letter from the Apostle Saint Bartholomew arrived there miraculously, a few years after the Ascension of Jesus; a cultural feast in honor of the family institution, called "the Feast of the Family"; a college of sages, the Salomon's House, "the very eye of the kingdom", to which order "God of heaven and earth had vouchsafed the grace to know the works of Creation, and the secrets of them", as well as "to discern between divine miracles, works of nature, works of art, and impostures and illusions of all sorts"; and a series of instruments, process and methods of scientific research that were employed in the island by the Salomon's House.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;"><br />The </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlocutor_(linguistics)" title="Interlocutor (linguistics)"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EL;">interlocutors</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;"> include the governor of the House of Strangers, Joabin the Jew, and the Head of Salomon's House.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">The inhabitants of Bensalem are described as having a high moral character and honesty, no official accepting any payment from individuals, and the people being described as chaste and pious, as said by an inhabitant of the island:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">But hear me now, and I will tell you what I know. You shall understand that there is not under the heavens so chaste a nation as this of Bensalem; nor so free from all pollution or foulness. It is the virgin of the world. I remember I have read in one of your European books, of an holy hermit amongst you that desired to see the Spirit of Fornication; and there appeared to him a little foul ugly Aethiop. But if he had desired to see the Spirit of Chastity of Bensalem, it would have appeared to him in the likeness of a fair beautiful Cherubim. For there is nothing amongst mortal men more fair and admirable, than the chaste minds of this people. Know therefore, that with them there are no stews, no dissolute houses, no courtesans, nor anything of that kind.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">In the last third of the book, the Head of the Salomon's House takes one of the European visitors to show him all the scientific background of Salomon's House, where experiments are conducted in </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baconian_method" title="Baconian method"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Baconian method</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;"> in order to understand and conquer nature, and to apply the collected knowledge to the betterment of society. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Bacon understood that </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" title="Science"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EL;">science</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;"> requires </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis" title="Analysis"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EL;">analysis</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;"> and not just the </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EL;">accumulation of observations</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">. Bacon also foresaw that the </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_of_experiments" title="Design of experiments"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EL;">design of experiments</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;"> could be improved.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Atlantis#cite_note-1"><sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EL;">[1]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">In describing the ordinances and rites observed by the scientists of Salomon's House, its Head said:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">We have certain hymns and services, which we say daily, of Lord and thanks to God for His marvellous works; and some forms of prayer, imploring His aid and blessing for the illumination of our labors, and the turning of them into good and holy uses.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">And finally, after showing all the scientific background of Salomon's House, he gave the European visitor permission to publish it:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">And when he had said this, he stood up; and I, as I had been taught, kneeled down, and he laid his right hand upon my head, and said; "God bless thee, my son; and God bless this relation, which I have made. I give thee leave to publish it for the good of other nations; for we here are in God's bosom, a land unknown."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Interpretations<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">New Atlantis</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;"> is a story dense with provocative details. There are many credible interpretations of what Bacon was attempting to convey. Below are a couple that give some sense of the rich implications of the text.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bensalem's Conversion to Christianity<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Early in the story, the governor of the House of Strangers relates the incredible circumstances that introduced Christianity to the Island:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">“About twenty years after the ascension of our Saviour it came to pass [c. A.D. 50], that there was seen by the people of Renfusa (a city upon the eastern coast of our island, within sight, the night was cloudy and calm), as it might be some mile in the sea, a great pillar of light; not sharp, but in form of a column, or cylinder, rising from the sea, a great way up toward heaven; and on the top of it was seen a large cross of light, more bright and resplendent than the body of the pillar. Upon which so strange a spectacle, the people of the city gathered apace together upon the sands, to wonder; and so after put themselves into a number of small boats to go nearer to this marvellous sight. But when the boats were come within about sixty yards of the pillar, they found themselves all bound, and could go no further, yet so as they might move to go about, but might not approach nearer; so as the boats stood all as in a theatre, beholding this light, as a heavenly sign. It so fell out that there was in one of the boats one of the wise men of the Society of Saloman's House (which house, or college, my good brethren, is the very eye of this kingdom), who having awhile attentively and devoutly viewed and contemplated this pillar and cross, fell down upon his face; and then raised himself upon his knees, and lifting up his hands to heaven, made his prayers in this manner:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">"'Lord God of heaven and earth; thou hast vouchsafed of thy grace, to those of our order to know thy works of creation, and true secrets of them; and to discern, as far as appertaineth to the generations of men, between divine miracles, works of nature, works of art and impostures, and illusions of all sorts. I do here acknowledge and testify before this people that the thing we now see before our eyes is thy finger, and a true miracle. And forasmuch as we learn in our books that thou never workest miracles, but to a divine and excellent end (for the laws of nature are thine own laws, and thou exceedest them not but upon great cause), we most humbly beseech thee to prosper this great sign, and to give us the interpretation and use of it in mercy; which thou dost in some part secretly promise, by sending it unto us.'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">“When he had made his prayer he presently found the boat he was in movable and unbound; whereas all the rest remained still fast; and taking that for an assurance of leave to approach, he caused the boat to be softly and with silence rowed toward the pillar; but ere he came near it, the pillar and cross of light broke up, and cast itself abroad, as it were, into a firmament of many stars, which also vanished soon after, and there was nothing left to be seen but a small ark or chest of cedar, dry and not wet at all with water, though it swam; and in the fore end of it, which was toward him, grew a small green branch of palm; and when the wise man had taken it with all reverence into his boat, it opened of itself, and there were found in it a book and a letter, both written in fine parchment, and wrapped in sindons of linen. The book contained all the canonical books of the Old and New Testament, according as you have them (for we know well what the churches with you receive), and the Apocalypse itself; and some other books of the New Testament, which were not at that time written, were nevertheless in the book. And for the letter, it was in these words:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">"'I, Bartholomew, a servant of the Highest, and apostle of Jesus Christ, was warned by an angel that appeared to me in a vision of glory, that I should commit this ark to the floods of the sea. Therefore I do testify and declare unto that people where God shall ordain this ark to come to land, that in the same day is come unto them salvation and peace, and good-will from the Father, and from the Lord Jesus.'<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">"There was also in both these writings, as well the book as the letter, wrought a great miracle, conform to that of the apostles, in the original gift of tongues. For there being at that time, in this land, Hebrews, Persians, and Indians, besides the natives, everyone read upon the book and letter, as if they had been written in his own language. And thus was this land saved from infidelity (as the remain of the old world was from water) by an ark, through the apostolical and miraculous evangelism of St. Bartholomew." And here he paused, and a messenger came and called him forth from us. So this was all that passed in that conference.."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">The traditional date for the writing of St. John's Apocalypse (the Book of Revelation) is the end of the 1st century AD. It is not only the presence of the full canon of Scripture long before it was completed or compiled, but also the all-too-convenient proximity of the scientist who will attest to its miraculous nature of this wonder that lends the story an air of incredibility.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Atlantis#cite_note-2"><sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EL;">[2]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Later the Father of Salomon's House reveals the institution's skill at creating illusions of light:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">"We represent also all multiplications of light, which we carry to great distance, and make so sharp as to discern small points and lines. Also all colorations of light: all delusions and deceits of the sight, in figures, magnitudes, motions, colors; all demonstrations of shadows. We find also divers means, yet unknown to you, of producing of light, originally from divers bodies."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">He also boasts about their ability to fake miracles:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">"And surely you will easily believe that we, that have so many things truly natural which induce admiration, could in a world of particulars deceive the senses if we would disguise those things, and labor to make them more miraculous."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Renaker points out the Latin of the second passage is stronger and literally translates to "we could impose on men's senses an infinite number of things if we wanted to present these things as, and exalt them into, a miracle."</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Atlantis#cite_note-DavidRenaker-3"><sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EL;">[3]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">The skill of creating illusions coupled with the incredibility of the story of the origin of Bensalem's Christianity makes it seem that Bacon was intimating that the light show (or at least the story of its occurrence) was an invention of Salomon's House.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Atlantis#cite_note-DavidRenaker-3"><sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EL;">[3]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Who Rules Bensalem?</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">The Father of Salomon's House reveals that members of that institution decide on their own which of their discoveries to keep secret, even from the State:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">"And this we do also: we have consultations, which of the inventions and experiences which we have discovered shall be published, and which not; and take all an oath of secrecy for the concealing of those which we think fit to keep secret; though some of those we do reveal sometime to the State, and some not."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">This would seem to imply that the State does not hold the monopoly on authority and that Salomon's House must in some sense be superior to the State.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">This novel may have been Bacon's vision for a Utopian New World in North America. In it he depicted a land where there would be freedom of religion - showing a Jew treated fairly and equally in an island of Christians, but it has been debated whether this work had influenced others reforms, such as greater rights for women, the </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EL;">abolition of slavery</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">, elimination of </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debtors%27_prison" title="Debtors' prison"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EL;">debtors' prisons</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EL;">separation of church and state</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">, and freedom of political expression,</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Atlantis#cite_note-6"><sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EL;">[6]</span></sup></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Atlantis#cite_note-7"><sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EL;">[7]</span></sup></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Atlantis#cite_note-8"><sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EL;">[8]</span></sup></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Atlantis#cite_note-9"><sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EL;">[9]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;"> although there is no hint of these reforms in <i>The New Atlantis</i> itself. His propositions of legal reform (which were not established in his lifetime), though, are considered to have been one of the influences behind the </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Napoleonic Code</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">,</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Atlantis#cite_note-HepworthDixon-10"><sup><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EL;">[10]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;"> and therefore could show some resemblance with or influence in the drafting of others liberal constitutions that came in the centuries after Bacon's lifetime, such as the </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Constitution" title="American Constitution"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EL;">American</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Francis Bacon played a leading role in creating the British colonies, especially in </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Virginia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carolinas" title="The Carolinas"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EL;">the Carolinas</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;">, and </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Newfoundland</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EL;"> in northeastern Canada. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Stavriana S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02073424404036623162noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4292642550304221282.post-82763008531136850602013-02-08T11:31:00.001+02:002013-02-17T16:09:59.702+02:00σημειώσεις για τη βιβλιογραφία στα Αγγλικά - Utopia by Thomas Moore<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Thomas Moore –Utopia<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Utopia Author/Context<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Thomas More was born in 1478 in London. He was the son of Sir John More, a judge. More studied at St. Anthony's school, followed by Canterbury College in Oxford. His father allowed him to attend Oxford at the persuasion of a friend, since More seemed talented enough. When More started to enjoy himself too much at college, his father had him return to London, where he attended law school at the New Inn. At the same time, More continued his Greek studies with his teachers--Linacre, Grocyn and Colet--and also expanded his knowledge of philosophy, literature and theology.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">More became a successful lawyer, and was invited to read the law at Furnicall's Inn. This was considered a great honor, especially for someone as young as More. At this time, More was leading a religious life. However, at age 25, he decided he did not want to live in a monastery, but rather to have a family and live in the city. At 26, he was elected to parliament. At 27, he married Jane Colt. He had four children in the next five years. When More was 33, Jane died, leaving him with four children and an intense law career. He married again, as he knew that this was what was best for his children. His new wife, Alice Middleton, was nothing like him, but he knew her well, and she was an excellent housewife who was six years older than him.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Being incredibly intelligent and charming, More was one of the best lawyers in London, and was chosen to handle many cases in foreign countries. At 32, he became a judge, a position that made him well-known and loved in London. At the same time, More was also engaging himself in literature and philosophy. His masterpiece, Utopia, was written as this time, and is considered to be one of the greatest Socratic dialogues of all time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">After fifteen years of living a comfortable, prosperous city life as a regular citizen, the king called on More's service. This was a position More did not want, as he thought the political life was dangerous and he valued free time for his family and writing more than public service. He also knew that by joining the public service, he would be taking a considerable pay cut. Yet More considered it his duty, as a good citizen, to serve his country.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">More became Henry VIII's good friend and personal secretary; and finally became Chancellor in 1529 (he was 51). At this point, he concentrated on two issues: improving the judicial system, and correcting harmful errors of the state and church. However, More spent most of his time doing his job as 'chief justice of the land', where he reformed the legal system. More resigned his position as Chancellor on May 16, 1532, the day after the king and Cromwell convinced the parliament to take away the freedom of the Church. He was then imprisoned in the Tower of London for fifteen months before being executed on July 6th, 1535. This could have been prevented had he signed an oath accepting King Henry VIII as Supreme Head of the Church in England.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Utopia</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;"> was printed in Louvain, Belgium in 1516. More was afraid of printing it in England because it clearly mocked English policy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Utopia Plot Summary<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Thomas More is traveling in the Low Countries when he sees his friend, Peter Giles. Giles introduces him to a well-traveled friend of his, Raphael Hythloday. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Raphael speaks of many countries and their policies and laws, and freely criticizes the laws of their own countries. When More asks him why he doesn't join the King's services as a counselor, Raphael says he is happy with his way of life. Furthermore, he does not think his services would be appreciated, as his ideas are very different from the ideas of those around him. Raphael gives an account of a meeting at Cardinal Morton's house, and then hypothesizes about what would happen if he were to express his opinion in other meetings. He then begins speaking of a country, Utopia, which he thinks is ruled very well and is a perfect country.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">More begs Raphael to speak more of Utopia, and he does. He first tells of their towns, which are all as identical as possible, and have a maximum of 6,000 families. He then speaks of their magistrates, who are called Philarchs, and are chosen every year by thirty families. An Archphilarch overlooks every ten Philarchs. The Utopians' manner of life is unusual, as gold is of no value, and everything is therefore free. Also, they spend their lives in the city and in the suburbs, living in each place for two years at a time. Laws dictate that they are not to travel without a 'passport', which can only be obtained from the Prince and states where and for how long they are allowed to travel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Slaves and marriages are spoken of next. Prisoners of war are not taken as slaves, unless they fought in the battles; women are not to be married before eighteen, and men before twenty-two. Sexual encounters before marriage are prohibited, as are polygamy and adultery. There are no lawyers in Utopia, as everybody defends himself or herself in court.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Their military discipline is such that everyone trains for the army on a daily basis, however, the Utopians prefer to hire armies rather than to let their own people go to war, and as money does not matter much to them they can do this without much discomfort. Women are encouraged to join their husbands at war. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Religion is the last topic that is spoken of, and there are many religions in Utopia, as people are free to practice whatever they believe. However, the law states that they must all believe in one Divine Being and that they are forbidden to believe that the human's soul dies with his body. Raphael speaks of the way the country and the people deal with the issues and problems associated with each of these topics, and how we could learn from them and their wisdom. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">When Raphael finishes his descriptions, More has further questions and thoughts. However, he does not voice them, as it is apparent that Raphael is tired. The only thing he does say is that he wishes their governments would adapt some of Utopia's rules, but he sees little hope of this happening.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Utopia Major Characters<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="BM1"></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Thomas More: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Author and main character of the book. He sees his friend, Peter Giles, while traveling, and is introduced to Raphael Hythloday, who describes Utopia. His interest in government and travel lead to a debate with Raphael and the description of Utopia, on which the book is based.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="BM2"></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Peter Giles: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">More's friend, whom More sees in the Low countries, and who introduces More to Raphael.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="BM3"></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Raphael Hythloday: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">A well-traveled friend of Giles', who does not believe in the present system of government, but rather in that of Utopia, which he thinks is the only true commonwealth. He lived in Utopia for five years, and describes every aspect of it to Giles and More. The book is based on this description.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Minor Characters</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="BM4"></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Cardinal Morton: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">A Cardinal whom Raphael once visited, and whose counselors agree with his opinions, whatever they may be. The Cardinal saw some wisdom in Raphael's remarks. The account of the meeting at the Cardinal's house showed how counselors applaud whatever their superiors want, and how Raphael's advice would be of no use to the king, and therefore Raphael should not become a counselor to the king.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="BM5"></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Macarians: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Neighbors of the Utopians. Their ruler is never to have more than one thousand pounds in gold, or the equivalent. In this manner, the king focuses on the wealth of the country, and not his own. Raphael recommends this to other governments.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="BM6"></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Prince: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">The ruler of Utopia. Elected by the magistrates, he rules for life. His son does not take his position when he dies; instead, a new Prince is elected.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="BM7"></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Philarch: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Elected every year, these are the magistrates ruling over every thirty 'families'.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="BM8"></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Archphilarch: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Elected every year, Archphilarchs rule over ten Philarchs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="BM9"></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Anemolians: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">One of Utopia's neighboring people. They have clashing customs with Utopia. When their ambassadors came to Utopia, they wore a lot of gold and treasures, as they had heard the Utopians were poor and had little material wealth, and they wanted to show off. As a result, they were laughed at, as gold and treasures are children's toys in Utopia and are of absolutely no value. After staying a while in Utopia, they realized how foolish they looked.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="BM10"></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Zapolets: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">A savage people, whom the Utopians typically hire as warriors, as they prefer hiring warriors to having their own people fight. They are hunters, and love to fight. Therefore, the Utopians do not feel guilty about hiring them, as they fight voluntarily. However, the Zapolets are fickle--they will change sides for an extra penny a day, and will fight against family members for money. The Utopians feel that the world will not miss dead Zapolets, that it will in fact be a happier place without them. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="BM11"></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Utopus: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">The founder, and first ruler, of Utopia. A very wise man who ordered Utopia to be separated from the rest of the continent by a channel, as he felt that Utopians were superior to the rest of the people. Also, he made many laws, including one that states that all Utopians must believe in a Divine Being, but that they may practice whichever religion they choose.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="BM12"></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Mithras: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Utopian's name for the Divine Being, whom they all believe in.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="BM13"></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Brutheskas: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">What Utopia's priests are known as. There are two types of priests: those that do not marry and believe that they should not engage in any pleasure; and those that marry and enjoy life to the point that it does not interfere with their labor. There are few priests, so that priesthood may remain a highly dignified position, and also because it is difficult to find people good enough to be priests.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Utopia Objects/Places<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="BM14"></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">New Castile: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">The place where Raphael's journey began.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="BM15"></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Gold/treasure: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">These have no value in Utopia. However, they are accumulated from exports so that the Prince may hire armies in war. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="BM16"></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Family: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Consists of about forty people, who live together, and share a trade. There are a minimum of ten people in each family, and the son typically learns from the father and takes up his trade. Should he have an affinity for something else, he may join another family. The oldest able-minded man looks after the family, and is called the governor of the family. It is the wives' duty to serve their husbands, the children's duties to serve their parents<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="BM17"></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">City: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Citizens are tenants in cities, which are almost all identical, and at least twenty miles long. Each city is divided into four sections, each with its own marketplace where the fathers go and take what they need from others, and supply in turn what they have produced. Also, good deeds are made reference to in marketplaces, as statues, erected in honor of the deeds, are placed there.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="BM18"></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Workday: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">The workday in Utopia is only six hours. This is because Utopians strongly believe in developing the mind, and give people time to do so. Since everybody works, including women and children, they can produce enough to be almost self-sufficient.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="BM19"></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Utopia: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Utopia means perfect society, and this is what Raphael is describing in this book--the perfect country that he visited. There is no greed, selfishness, brutality, and very little crime. Furthermore, nobody is unhappy. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="BM20"></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Passport: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">This is necessary in order to travel. It is obtained from the Prince and is a permit to travel to certain places, for a certain period of time. If somebody is caught traveling without this, they are punished.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="BM21"></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Clothing: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Clothing in Utopia is very bland and durable. People do not wear fine cloths, but instead leather, to work. Clothing is of no importance, and does not signify importance or anything of the like. At festivals, everybody, except the priests, wear white. The fashion never changes, and is based on practicality.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="BM22"></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Religion: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Utopia practices freedom of religion. However, the law states that everybody must believe in a Divine Being, and that everybody must believe that the human soul lives after death. </span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Also, no one is to disrespect anybody else's religion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="BM23"></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Slavery: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Prisoners of war who fought in battle are made slaves. Also, slavery is part of the punishment for certain crimes. Citizens of poor neighboring countries also offer themselves as slaves, though they are to be treated better than regular slaves and they are free to leave whenever they please. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="BM24"></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Money: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">This does not exist in Utopia, as people are free to take whatever they want and supply what they make/produce for no charge.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="BM25"></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Amaurot: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">The capital of Utopia, Amaurot is the most eminent town, as it is where the supreme council resides. Amaurot is located on the side of a hill, and a river, Anider, runs by it. Anider runs down to the ocean, and is fortified at its source so that enemies are not able to poison or redirect the water, for the town depends on this river for water supply. A wall with many towers and forts surrounds Amaurot. The wall is also surrounded on three of four sides by a ditch, and by a river on the fourth side. All the houses inside Amaurot are identical. This is also the place where the annual meeting of counselors, at which they decide the needs and surpluses of each city, takes place.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="BM26"></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Governor: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">This is the oldest able-minded man in the family. His duty is to advise people in the family and take care of the family.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="BM27"></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Pleasure: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Pleasure can only be found in things that are virtuous. Pleasure is to be sought after, but at no other person's cost. There are several types of pleasure--those of the body, such as eating (and the greatest of which is health), and those of the mind, which are considered the greatest pleasures of all.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="BM28"></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Death: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Death is not to be feared. People should long to die, in order to meet their maker. People who are dying and are angry about it are thrown in a ditch when dead, and not given a proper funeral.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="BM29"></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Laws: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">There are few laws in Utopia, and no lawyers, as each person defends himself or herself. All laws are made in order for each person to know their duty.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="BM30"></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">War: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Utopians do not like war, however they do engage in it when necessary. It is considered necessary when they are defending themselves, their neighbors, or their friends, and when a Utopian has been injured or killed by a citizen of another country who will not give himself or herself up. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Stavriana S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02073424404036623162noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4292642550304221282.post-65488059893392573422013-02-08T11:29:00.001+02:002013-02-17T16:10:43.060+02:00σημειώσεις για τη βιβλιογραφία στα Αγγλικά Brave New World by Aldus Huxley<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Background<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Huxley wrote <i><span style="color: magenta;"><strong>Brave New World</strong></span></i> in 1931 while he was living in Italy. Unlike the most popular optimist utopian novels of the time, Huxley sought to provide a frightening vision of the future. Huxley referred to <i>Brave New World</i> as a "negative utopia" (see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">dystopia</a>), somewhat influenced by Wells' own <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sleeper_Awakes" title="The Sleeper Awakes">The Sleeper Awakes</a></i> (dealing with subjects like corporate tyranny and behavioral conditioning) and the works of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">D. H. Lawrence</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> believed that <i>Brave New World</i> must be partly derived from the novel <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_%28novel%29" title="We (novel)">We</a></i> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeny_Zamyatin" title="Yevgeny Zamyatin">Yevgeny Zamyatin</a>.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_New_World#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_New_World#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Huxley visited the newly opened and technologically advanced Brunner and Mond plant, part of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Chemical_Industries" title="Imperial Chemical Industries">Imperial Chemical Industries</a>, or ICI, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billingham" title="Billingham">Billingham</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and gives a fine and detailed account of the processes he saw. The introduction to the most recent print<sup>[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a></i>]</sup> of <i>Brave New World</i> states that Huxley was inspired to write the classic novel by this Billingham visit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Although the novel is set in the future it deals with contemporary issues of the early 20th century. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> had transformed the world. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">Mass production</a> had made cars, telephones, and radios relatively cheap and widely available throughout the developed world. The political, cultural, economic and sociological upheavals of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_%281917%29" title="Russian Revolution (1917)">Russian Revolution of 1917</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">the First World War</a> (1914–1918) were resonating throughout the world as a whole and the individual lives of most people. Accordingly, many of the novel's characters are named after widely recognized, influential and in many cases contemporary people, for example, Polly Trotsky (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>), Benito Hoover (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>), Lenina Crowne (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Crowne" title="John Crowne">John Crowne</a>), Fanny Crowne (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Brawne" title="Fanny Brawne">Fanny Brawne</a>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Crowne" title="John Crowne">John Crowne</a>), Mustapha Mond (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Mond" title="Alfred Mond">Alfred Mond</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Mond" title="Ludwig Mond">Ludwig Mond</a>, at whose factory Huxley worked for a time, which helped to inspire the novel), Helmholtz Watson (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Watson" title="John B. Watson">John B. Watson</a>), Henry Foster (Henry Ford), Bernard Marx (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>), Morgana Rothschild (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J.P._Morgan,_Rothschild_family&action=edit&redlink=1" title="J.P. Morgan, Rothschild family (page does not exist)">The Rothschild banking family</a>), Joanna Diesel (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Diesel" title="Rudolf Diesel">Rudolf Diesel</a>), Fifi Bradlaugh (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bradlaugh" title="Charles Bradlaugh">Charles Bradlaugh</a>), Sarojini Engels (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>), Clara Deterding (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Deterding" title="Henri Deterding">Henri Deterding</a>), Tom Kawaguchi (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekai_Kawaguchi" title="Ekai Kawaguchi">Ekai Kawaguchi</a>) and Herbert Bakunin (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.G._Wells" title="H.G. Wells">Herbert George Wells</a>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Huxley used the setting and characters from his science fiction novel to express widely held opinions, particularly the fear of losing individual identity in the fast-paced world of the future. An early trip to the United States gave <i>Brave New World</i> much of its character. Not only was Huxley outraged by the culture of youth, commercial cheeriness, sexual promiscuity and the inward-looking nature of many Americans,<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_New_World#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> he had also found a book by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> on the boat to America. There was a fear of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americanization" title="Americanization">Americanization</a> in Europe. Thus seeing America firsthand, and from reading the ideas and plans of one of its foremost citizens, Huxley was spurred to write <i>Brave New World</i> with America in mind. The "feelies" are his response to the "talkie" motion pictures, and the sex-hormone chewing gum is a parody of the ubiquitous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a>, which was something of a symbol of America at that time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Plot<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">The Introduction (Chapters 1–6)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">The novel opens in London in 632 (AD 2540 in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_Calendar" title="Gregorian Calendar">Gregorian Calendar</a>). The vast majority of the population is unified under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_State" title="The World State">the World State</a>, an eternally peaceful, stable global society in which goods and resources are plentiful (because the population is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_control" title="Population control">permanently limited</a> to no more than two billion people) and everyone is happy. Natural reproduction has been done away with and children are created, 'decanted' and raised in Hatcheries and Conditioning Centres, where they are divided into five <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">castes</a> (which are further split into 'Plus' and 'Minus' members) and designed to fulfill predetermined positions within the social and economic strata of the World State. Fetuses chosen to become members of the highest caste, 'Alpha', are allowed to develop naturally while maturing to term in "decanting bottles", while fetuses chosen to become members of the lower castes ('Beta', 'Gamma', 'Delta', 'Epsilon') are subjected to <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a></i> chemical interference to cause <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrested_development" title="Arrested development">arrested development</a> in intelligence or physical growth. Each 'Alpha' or 'Beta' is the product of one unique fertilized egg developing into one unique <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a>. Members of lower castes are not unique but are instead created using the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokanovsky_process" title="Bokanovsky process">Bokanovsky process</a> which enables a single egg to spawn (at the point of the story being told) up to 96 children and one ovary to produce thousands of children. To further increase the birthrate of Gammas, Deltas and Epsilons, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podsnap%27s_Technique" title="Podsnap's Technique">Podsnap's Technique</a> causes all the eggs in the ovary to mature simultaneously, allowing the hatchery to get full use of the ovary in two years' time. People of these castes make up the majority of human society, and the production of such specialized children bolsters the efficiency and harmony of society, since these people are deliberately limited in their cognitive and physical abilities, as well as the scope of their ambitions and the complexity of their desires, thus rendering them easier to control. All children are educated via the hypnopaedic process, which provides each child with caste-appropriate subconscious messages to mold the child's lifelong self-image and social outlook to that chosen by the leaders and their predetermined plans for producing future adult generations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">To maintain the World State's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_Economy" title="Command Economy">Command Economy</a> for the indefinite future, all citizens are conditioned from birth to value consumption with such platitudes as "ending is better than mending," "more stiches less riches" i.e., buy a new item instead of fixing the old one, because constant consumption, and near-universal employment to meet society's material demands, is the bedrock of economic and social stability for the World State. Beyond providing social engagement and distraction in the material realm of work or play, the need for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendence_%28philosophy%29" title="Transcendence (philosophy)">transcendence</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitude" title="Solitude">solitude</a> and spiritual <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/communion" title="wikt:communion">communion</a> is addressed with the ubiquitous availability and universally endorsed consumption of the drug <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soma" title="Soma">soma</a></i>. Soma is an allusion to a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soma" title="Soma">ritualistic drink of the same name</a> consumed by ancient <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a>. In the book, soma is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">hallucinogen</a> that takes users on enjoyable, hangover-free "holidays". It was developed by the World State to provide these inner-directed personal experiences within a socially managed context of State-run 'religious' organizations; social clubs. The hypnopaedically inculcated affinity for the State-produced drug, as a self-medicating comfort mechanism in the face of stress or discomfort, thereby eliminates the need for religion or other personal allegiances outside or beyond the World State.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casual_sex" title="Casual sex">Recreational sex</a> is an integral part of society. According to the World State, sex is a social activity, rather than a means of reproduction (sex is encouraged from early childhood). The few women who can reproduce are conditioned to use birth control, even wearing a "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malthusian" title="Malthusian">Malthusian</a> belt" (which resembles a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_%28firearm%29" title="Belt (firearm)">cartridge belt</a> and holds "the regulation supply of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">contraceptives</a>") as a popular fashion accessory. The maxim "everyone belongs to everyone else" is repeated often, and the idea of a "family" is considered pornographic; sexual competition and emotional, romantic relationships are rendered obsolete because they are no longer needed. Marriage, natural birth, parenthood, and pregnancy are considered too obscene to be mentioned in casual conversation. Thus, society has developed a new idea of reproductive comprehension.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Spending time alone is considered an outrageous waste of time and money, and wanting to be an individual is horrifying. Conditioning trains people to consume and never to enjoy being alone, so by spending an afternoon not playing "Obstacle Golf," or not in bed with a friend, one is forfeiting acceptance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">In the World State, people typically die at age 60<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_New_World#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> having maintained good health and youthfulness their whole life. Death isn't feared; anyone reflecting upon it is reassured by the knowledge that everyone is happy, and that society goes on. Since no one has family, they have no ties to mourn.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">The conditioning system eliminates the need for professional competitiveness; people are literally bred to do their jobs and cannot desire another. There is no competition within castes; each caste member receives the same food, housing, and soma rationing as every other member of that caste. There is no desire to change one's caste, largely because a person's sleep-conditioning reinforces each individual's place in the caste system. To grow closer with members of the same class, citizens participate in mock religious services called Solidarity Services, in which twelve people consume large quantities of soma and sing hymns. The ritual progresses through group hypnosis and climaxes in an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgy" title="Orgy">orgy</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">In geographic areas nonconducive to easy living and consumption, securely contained groups of "savages" are left to their own devices. These appear to be similar to the reservations of land established for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> population during the colonisation of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. These 'savages' are beholden of strange customs, including self-mutilation and religion, a mere curio in the outside world.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">In its first chapters, the novel describes life in the World State as wonderful and introduces Lenina Crowne and Bernard Marx. Lenina, a hatchery worker, is socially accepted and comfortable with her place in society, while Bernard, a psychologist, is an outcast. Although an Alpha Plus, Bernard is shorter in stature than the average of his caste—a quality shared by the lower castes, which gives him an inferiority complex. His work with sleep-teaching has led him to realize that what others believe to be their own deeply held beliefs are merely phrases repeated to children while they are asleep. Still, he recognizes the necessity of such programming as the reason why his society meets the emotional needs of its citizens. Courting disaster, he is vocal about being different, once stating he dislikes soma because he'd "rather be himself." Bernard's differences fuel rumors that he was accidentally administered alcohol while incubated, a method used to keep Epsilons short.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Bernard's only friend is Helmholtz Watson, an Alpha Plus lecturer at the College of Emotional Engineering (Department of Writing). The friendship is based on their similar experiences as misfits, but unlike Bernard, Watson's sense of loneliness stems from being too gifted, too intelligent, too handsome, and too physically strong. Helmholtz is drawn to Bernard as a confidant: he can talk to Bernard about his desire to write poetry.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">The Reservation and the Savage (Chapters 7–9)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Bernard is on holiday at a Savage Reservation with Lenina. The reservation, located in New Mexico, consists of a community named <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/malpais" title="wikt:malpais">Malpais</a>. From afar, Lenina thinks it will be exciting. In person, she finds the aged, toothless natives who mend their clothes rather than throw them away repugnant, and the situation is made worse when she discovers that she has left her soma tablets at the resort hotel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">In typical tourist fashion, Bernard and Lenina watch what at first appears to be a quaint native ceremony. The village folk, whose culture resembles the contemporary Indian groups of the region, descendants of the Anasazi, including the Puebloan peoples of Acoma, Laguna, and Zuni, and the Ramah Navajo, begin by singing, but the ritual quickly becomes a passion play where a village boy is whipped to unconsciousness.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Soon after, the couple encounters Linda, a woman who has been living in Malpais since she came on a trip and became separated from her group, among whom was a man to whom she refers as "Tomakin" but who is revealed to be Bernard's boss, the Director of Hatcheries and Conditioning, Thomas. She became pregnant despite adhering to her "Malthusian Drill" and there were no facilities for an abortion. Her shame at pregnancy was so great that she decided not to return to her old life, but to stay with the "savages". Linda gave birth to a son, John (later referred to as John the Savage) who is now 18.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Conversations with Linda and John reveal that their life has been hard. For 18 years, they have been treated as outsiders: the native men treated Linda like a sex object while the native women regularly beat and ostracized her because of her promiscuity, and John was mistreated and excluded for his mother's actions and the color of his skin. John was angered by Linda's lovers, and even attacked one in a jealous rage while a child. John's one joy was that his mother had taught him to read, although he only had two books: a scientific manual from his mother's job, which he called a "beastly, beastly book," and a collection of Shakespeare's works (which have been banned in the World State for being subversive). Shakespeare gives John articulation to his feelings, though, and he especially is interested in <i>Othello</i>, <i>Romeo and Juliet</i>, and <i>Hamlet</i>. At the same time, John has been denied the religious rituals of the village, although he has watched them and even has had some religious experiences on his own in the desert.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Old, weathered and tired, Linda wants to return to her familiar world in London, as she misses living in the city and taking soma. John wants to see the "brave new world" his mother has told him so much about. Bernard wants to take them back to block Thomas from his plan to reassign Bernard to Iceland as punishment for his asocial beliefs. Bernard arranges permission for Linda and John to leave the reservation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">John also seems to have an attraction to Lenina, as while Bernard is away, getting the permission to move the savages, he finds her suitcase and ruffles through all of her clothes, taking in the smells. He then sees her "sleeping" and stares at her, thinking all he has to do to see her properly is undo one zip. He later tells himself off for being like this towards Lenina, and seems to be extremely shy around her.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">The Savage visits the World State (Chapters 10–18)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Upon his return to London, Bernard is confronted by Thomas, the Director of the Hatchery and Conditioning Centre who, in front of an audience of higher-caste Centre workers, denounces Bernard for his asocial behavior. Bernard, thinking that for the first time in his life he has the upper hand, defends himself by presenting the Director with his long-lost lover and unknown son, Linda and John. John falls to his knees and calls Thomas his father, which causes an uproar of laughter. The humiliated Director resigns in shame.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Spared from reassignment, Bernard makes John the toast of London. Pursued by the highest members of society, able to bed any woman he fancies, Bernard revels in attention he once scorned. The victory, however, is short-lived. Linda, decrepit, toothless, and friendless, goes on a permanent soma holiday while John, appalled by what he perceives to be an empty society, refuses to attend Bernard's parties. Society drops Bernard as swiftly as it had taken him. Bernard turns to the person he'd believed to be his one true friend, only to see Helmholtz fall into a quick, easy camaraderie with John. Bernard is left an outcast yet again as he watches the only two men with whom he ever connected find more of interest in each other than they ever did in him.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">John and Helmholtz's island of peace is brief. Lenina tries to seduce John, but John pushes her away, calling her out on her sexually wanton ways. Whilst Lenina is in the bathroom, humiliated and putting her clothes on, John receives a telephone call from the hospital telling him that his mother is extremely unwell. He rushes over to see her and sits at her bedside, trying to get her out of her soma holiday so that he can talk to her. He is heartbroken when his mother succumbs to soma and dies. He is extremely annoyed by the young boys that enter the ward to be conditioned about death and annoy John to the point where he starts to use violence to send them away. John's grief bewilders and revolts the hospital workers, and their lack of reaction to Linda's death prompts John to try to force humanity from the workers by throwing their soma rations out a window. The ensuing riot brings the police, who quell the riot by filling the room with soma. Bernard and Helmholtz arrive to help John, but only Helmholtz helps him, while Bernard stands to the side, torn between risking involvement by helping or escaping the scene.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Following the riot, Bernard, Helmholtz and John are brought before Mustapha Mond, the Resident World Controller for Western Europe. Bernard (who breaks down during the middle of the conversation) and Helmholtz are told they will be exiled to islands of their choice. Mond explains that this exile is not so much a threat to force freethinkers to reform and rejoin society as it is a chance for them to act as they please because they will not be able to influence the population. He also divulges that he too once risked banishment to an island because of some scientific experiments that were deemed controversial by the state, giving insight into his sympathetic tone. Helmholtz chooses the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>, believing that their terrible weather will inspire his writing, but Bernard simply does not want to leave London; he struggles with Mond and is thrown out of the office. After Bernard and Helmholtz have left, Mustapha and John engage in a philosophical argument on the morals behind the existing society and then John is told the "experiment" will continue and he will not be sent to an island. John meets with Bernard and Helmholtz once again before their departures from London and Bernard apologizes to John for his opportunistic behavior, having come to terms with his imminent exile and having restored his friendship with Helmholtz.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">In the final chapter, John isolates himself from society in a lighthouse outside London where he finds his hermit life interrupted from mourning his mother by the more bitter memories of civilization. To atone, John brutally whips himself in the open, a ritual the Indians in his own village had denied him. His self-flagellation, caught on film and shown publicly, destroys his hermit life. Hundreds of gawking sightseers, intrigued by John's violent behavior, fly out to watch the savage in person. Even Lenina comes to watch, crying a tear John does not see. The sight of the woman whom he both adores and blames is too much for him; John attacks and whips her. This sight of genuine, unbridled emotion drives the crowd wild with excitement, and — handling it as they are conditioned to — they turn on each other, in a frenzy of beating and chanting that devolves into a mass orgy of soma and sex. In the morning, John, hopeless, alone, horrified by his drug use in which he participated that countered his beliefs, makes one last attempt to escape civilization and atone. When thousands of gawking sightseers arrive that morning, frenzied at the prospect of seeing the savage perform again, they find John dead from a suicidal hanging.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 18pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Comparisons with George Orwell's <i>Nineteen Eighty-Four</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Social critic </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Postman" title="Neil Postman"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Neil Postman</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;"> contrasts the worlds of </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Nineteen Eighty-Four</span></i></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;"> and <i>Brave New World</i> in the foreword of his 1985 book </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusing_Ourselves_to_Death" title="Amusing Ourselves to Death"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Amusing Ourselves to Death</span></i></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">. He writes:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">What Orwell feared were those who would ban books. What Huxley feared was that there would be no reason to ban a book, for there would be no one who wanted to read one. Orwell feared those who would deprive us of information. Huxley feared those who would give us so much that we would be reduced to passivity and egotism. Orwell feared that the truth would be concealed from us. Huxley feared the truth would be drowned in a sea of irrelevance. Orwell feared we would become a captive culture. Huxley feared we would become a trivial culture, preoccupied with some equivalent of the feelies, the orgy porgy, and the centrifugal bumblepuppy. As Huxley remarked in <i>Brave New World Revisited,</i> the civil </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">libertarians</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;"> and rationalists who are ever on the alert to oppose tyranny "failed to take into account man's almost infinite appetite for distractions." In <i>1984</i>, Orwell added, people are controlled by inflicting pain. In <i>Brave New World,</i> they are controlled by inflicting pleasure. In short, Orwell feared that what we fear will ruin us. Huxley feared that our desire will ruin us.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Journalist </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Christopher Hitchens</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">, who himself published several articles on Huxley and a book on Orwell, noted the difference between the two texts in the introduction to his 1999 article "Why Americans Are Not Taught History":<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">We dwell in a present-tense culture that somehow, significantly, decided to employ the telling expression "You're history" as a choice reprobation or insult, and thus elected to speak forgotten volumes about itself. By that standard, the forbidding dystopia of George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four already belongs, both as a text and as a date, with </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur" title="Ur"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Ur</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;"> and </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Mycenae</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">, while the </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">hedonist</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">nihilism</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;"> of Huxley still beckons toward a painless, amusement-sodden, and stress-free consensus. Orwell's was a house of horrors. He seemed to strain credulity because he posited a regime that would go to any lengths to own and possess history, to rewrite and construct it, and to inculcate it by means of coercion. Whereas Huxley ... rightly foresaw that any such regime could break but could not bend. In 1988, four years after 1984, the </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;">Soviet Union</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EL;"> scrapped its official history curriculum and announced that a newly authorized version was somewhere in the works. This was the precise moment when the regime conceded its own extinction. For true blissed-out and vacant servitude, though, you need an otherwise sophisticated society where no serious history is taught.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_New_World#cite_note-Hitches-25"><sup><span lang="EL" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EL; mso-fareast-language: EL;">[25]</span></sup></a></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-language: EL;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Stavriana S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02073424404036623162noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4292642550304221282.post-47532473229094502602013-02-08T11:26:00.000+02:002013-02-17T16:11:09.949+02:00σημειώσεις για τη βιβλιογραφία στα Αγγλικά - The Stoic Definition of the CIty<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">EUTOPIA: A </span></b><st1:place><st1:placename><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">European</span></b></st1:placename><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></b><st1:placename><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dream</span></b></st1:placename><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></b><st1:placetype><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">City</span></b></st1:placetype></st1:place><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Notes on the Stoic Idea of the City<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">By Malcolm Schofield, </span></i><st1:place><st1:placename><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cambridge</span></i></st1:placename><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></i><st1:placetype><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">University</span></i></st1:placetype></st1:place><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Press<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Stoic Definition of the City (1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> centuries A.D.)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The City is a group of people who live in the same place by the same rules.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Characteristics of the City according to the Stoic Philosophy<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Reason VS<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Absurdity <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Lawfulness VS Corruption<o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Thus, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">this city concept is utopian</b> because no such perfect city could ever exist on earth where people are corrupted. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hence, such a perfect city could only exist in Heaven. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It has never existed so far <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(it is not a historic utopia)</i></b> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">nor could it ever exist in the future <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(neither a futuristic utopia).</i></b> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Comparison of the </span></b><st1:place><st1:placename><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Stoic</span></b></st1:placename><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></b><st1:placetype><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">City</span></b></st1:placetype></st1:place><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Concept to other city utopias<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The </span><st1:place><st1:placename><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Christian</span></st1:placename><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><st1:placename><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Heavenly</span></st1:placename><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><st1:placetype><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kingdom</span></st1:placetype></st1:place><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> (The Divine Trinity is Love, Peace, Justice and all people partake in this supreme bliss) is a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">religious utopia</b> of <u>Father-Child relationship</u> based on <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">naturally inherited wisdom and virtue.</i> <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Plato’s Politeia (only the leaders are wise and moral) is a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">political utopia</b> of <u>leader and citizen relationship</u> based on <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mutual respect of human rights.</i><o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Question</span></u></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">: Which of the above UTOPIAS is more similar to the stoic utopia?<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">……………………………………………………………………………………………………<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The cosmopolitan City of the Stoics<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cosmopolitan citizen</b> is the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">citizen of the world</b> or the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">citizen of the Universe</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">This is the basis of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">theological theory of the City</b> as proposed by the Stoics.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It can be understood with the help of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">four assumptions</b> as regards:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">the existence of Gods (Gods exist alongside nature)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">their role as leaders of the Universe (they organize life in the City according to the divine Law)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">their interference with human affairs (they govern human life according to the principle of Divine Providence and participate in it as they share the City with humans)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">All creatures (both animate and inanimate) have been created by the Gods for the sake of both Gods and human beings. The City is a common residence of Gods and humans. This is because only Gods and humans have the Reason, the sense of Justice and Lawfulness necessary to be considered as citizens. Thus, the City is understood as the organization principle of the life of humans according to Reason, Justice and Lawfulness. It is a Community of Gods and humans or the Common Ground between those who share Reason, Justice and Lawfulness.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Question</span></u></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">What do the above ideas remind you of and why?</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Stavriana S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02073424404036623162noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4292642550304221282.post-28405306825684535062013-02-08T11:22:00.000+02:002013-02-17T16:11:40.205+02:00Χρονοδιάγραμμα εργασιών<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Χρονοδιάγραμμα εργασιών για το </span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">etwinning</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">project</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">EUtopia – Our </span></u></b><st1:place><st1:placename><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">European</span></u></b></st1:placename><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></u></b><st1:placename><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dream</span></u></b></st1:placename><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></u></b><st1:placetype><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">City</span></u></b></st1:placetype></st1:place><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;">Ιανουάριος 2013<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Οι μαθητές αναρτούν τα προφίλ τους στο ιστολόγιο<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Όλα τα σχολεία – κάθε μαθητής ξεχωριστά <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;">4</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">-<span style="color: green;">18/2/2013<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>- Οι μαθητές αναρτούν σχόλια στα προφίλ των άλλων</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Όλα τα σχολεία – κάθε μαθητής ξεχωριστά<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: green; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;">Οι μαθητές του κάθε σχολείου συμφωνούν σε ένα κοινό ΟΡΑΜΑ της Ιδανικής Κοινωνίας και αναρτούν μια περιγραφή στο ιστολόγιο. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: green; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Κάθε σχολείο πρέπει να αναφέρεται και στις 10 πτυχές</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">(μορφή διακυβέρνησης, δικαιοσύνη, απασχόληση, συγκοινωνίες, επιστήμη και παιδεία, οικονομία, υγεία, ενσωμάτωση και ισότητα, διαπολιτισμικές σχέσεις, περιβάλλον)</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;"> Τα κείμενα μπορεί να συνοδεύονται από σχέδια. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Όλα τα σχολεία – ένα ΟΡΑΜΑ ανά σχολείο.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;">Κάθε σχολείο αναρτά σχόλια σχετικά με το ΟΡΑΜΑ των άλλων σχολείων.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Όλα τα σχολεία – ένας σχολιασμός ανά σχολείο.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;">19/2-15/3/2013<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>- Οι μαθητές μελετούν βιβλιογραφία και βλέπουν ταινίες που παρουσιάζουν γνωστές ΟΥΤΟΠΙΕΣ και ΔΥΣΤΟΠΙΕΣ. Συζητούν τα πλεονεκτήματα και μειονεκτήματα του κάθε παραδείγματος και δημιουργούν παρουσιάσεις με το πρόγραμμα <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: green; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PowerPoint</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Όλα τα σχολεία – μία παρουσίαση ανά σχολείο.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;">- Οι μαθητές διερευνούν μοντέλα αστικής ανάπτυξης (ουτοπικές πόλεις, ιδανικές πόλεις, εκπαιδευτικές πόλεις, ‘αργές πόλεις’ και πόλεις για παιδιά). Δημιουργούν</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;">παρουσιάσεις</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;">με</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;">το</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;">πρόγραμμα</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: green; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: green; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PowerPoint</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: green; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Όλα τα σχολεία – μία παρουσίαση ανά σχολείο.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;">- Οι μαθητές ανιχνεύουν την ανάπτυξη της δικής τους πόλης και ανακαλύπτουν το μοντέλο ανάπτυξής της. Δημιουργούν παρουσιάσεις με το πρόγραμμα<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: green; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PowerPoint</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Όλα τα σχολεία – μία παρουσίαση ανά σχολείο.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;">16/3- 27/4/2013</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="color: green;">- Οι μαθητές σχεδιάζουν τη δική τους </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: green; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">EUtopia</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;">βασιζόμενοι στο υλικό (βιβλιογραφία, ταινίες, πίνακες ζωγραφικής, μουσικά έργα) που έχουν μελετήσει στη<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>προηγούμενη φάση και παρουσιάζουν τις διαφορετικές πτυχές της με τη μορφή κειμένων, παρουσιάσεων </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: green; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PowerPoint</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;">και τρισδιάστατων μακετών πόλης.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Κάθε σχολείο εστιάζει σε διαφορετικές πτυχές: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-size: 14pt;">Δικαιοσύνη, Συγκοινωνίες, Οικονομία: ΤΟΥΡΚΙΑ<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #3366ff; font-size: 14pt;">Απασχόληση, Επιστήμη και Παιδεία, Περιβάλλον: 1<sup>ο</sup> ΓΕΛ Πεύκης<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #ff6600; font-size: 14pt;">Μορφές Διακυβέρνησης, Υγεία, Κοινωνική Ενσωμάτωση και Ισότητα, Διαπολιτισμικές σχέσεις: 3<sup>ο</sup> ΓΕΛ Νέας Φιλαδέλφειας <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;">27/4-10/5/2013<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Οι μαθητές αξιολογούν τη συνεισφορά τους στο <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: green; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">project</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;">συμπληρώνοντας ερωτηματολόγιο </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: green; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">on</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;">-</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: green; font-size: 14pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">line</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: green; font-size: 14pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Όλα τα σχολεία – κάθε μαθητής ξεχωριστά<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Stavriana S.http://www.blogger.com/profile/02073424404036623162noreply@blogger.com0